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Internet Modern History Sourcebook
Samuel de Champlain:
The Foundation of Quebec, 1608
HAVING returned to France after a stay of three years in New France, I
proceeded to Sieur de Monts, and related to him the principal events of which I had been a
witness since his departure, and gave him the map and plan of the most remarkable coasts
and harbors there. Some time afterward Sieur de Monts determined to continue his
undertaking, and complete the exploration of the interior along the great river St.
Lawrence, where I had been by order of the late King Henry the Great in the year 1603, for
a distance of some hundred and eighty leagues, commencing in latitude 48E 40', that is, at Gaspé, at the entrance of the river, as far as
the great fall, which is in latitude 45E and some minutes,
where our exploration ended, and where boats could not pass as we then thought, since we
had not made a careful examination of it as we have since done.
Now, after Sieur de Monts had conferred with me several times in regard
to his purposes concerning the exploration, he resolved to continue so noble and
meritorious an undertaking, notwithstanding the hardships and labors of the past. He
honored me with his lieutenancy for the voyage; and, in order to carry out his purpose, he
had two vessels equipped, one commanded by Pont Gravé, who was commissioned to trade with
the savages of the country and bring back the vessels, while I was to winter in the
country.
Sieur de Monts, for the purpose of defraying the expenses of the
expedition, obtained letters from his majesty for one year, by which all persons were
forbidden to traffic in pelts with the savages, on penalties stated in the following
commission:
Henry by the Grace of God King of France and Navarre, to our
beloved and faithful counselors, the officers of our admiralty in Normandy, Brittany, and
Guienne, bailiffs, marshals, provosts, judges, or their lieutenants, and to each one of
them, according to his authority, throughout the extent of their powers, jurisdictions,
and precincts, greeting:
Acting upon the information which has been given us by those who have
returned from New France, respecting the good quality and fertility of the lands of that
country, and the disposition of the people to accept the knowledge of God, We have
resolved to continue the settlement previously undertaken there, in order that our
subjects may go there to trade without hindrance. And in view of the proposition to us of
Sieur de Monts, gentleman in ordinary of our chamber, and our lieutenant-general in that
country, to make a settlement, on condition of our giving him means and supplies for
sustaining the expense of it, it has pleased us to promise and assure him that none of our
subjects but himself shall be permitted to trade in pelts and other merchandise, for the
period of one year only, in the lands, regions, harbors, rivers, and highways throughout
the extent of his jurisdiction: this we desire to have fulfilled. For these causes and
other considerations impelling us thereto, we command and decree that each one of you,
throughout the extent of your powers, jurisdictions, and precincts, shall act in our stead
and carry out our will in distinctly prohibiting and forbidding all merchants, masters,
and captains of vessels, also sailors and others of our subjects, of whatever rank and
profession, to fit out any vessels in which to go themselves or send others in order to
engage in trade or barter in pelts and other things with the savages of New France, to
visit, trade, or communicate with them during the space of one year, within the
jurisdiction of Sieur de Monts, on penalty of disobedience, and the entire confiscation of
their vessels, supplies, arms, and merchandise for the benefit of Sieur de Monts; and, in
order that the punishment of their disobedience may be assured, you will allow, as we have
and do allow, the aforesaid Sieur de Monts or his lieutenants to seize, apprehend, and
arrest all violators of our present prohibition and order, also their vessels,
merchandise, arms, supplies, and victuals, in order to take and deliver them up to the
hands of justice, so that action may be taken not only against the persons, but also the
property of the offenders, as the case shall require.
This is our will, and we bid you to have it at once read and published
in all localities and public places within your authority and jurisdiction, as you may
deem necessary, by the first one of our officers or sergeants in accordance with this
requisition by virtue of these presents, or a copy of the same, properly attested once
only by one of our well-beloved and faithful counselors, notaries, and secretaries, to
which it is our will that credence should be given as to the present original, in order
that none of our subjects may claim ground for ignorance, but that all may obey and act in
accordance with our will in this matter. We order, moreover, all captains of vessels,
mates, and second mates, and sailors of the same, and others on board of vessels or ships
in the ports and harbors of the aforesaid country, to permit, as we have done, Sieur de
Monts, and others possessing power and authority from him, to search the aforesaid vessels
which shall have engaged in the fur trade after the present prohibition shall have been
made known to them. It is our will that, upon the requisition of the aforesaid Sieur de
Monts, his lieutenants, and others having authority, you should proceed against the
disobedient and offenders, as the case may require: to this end, we give you power,
authority, commission, and special mandate, notwithstanding the act of our council of the
17th day of July last, any hue and cry, Norman charter, accusation, objection, or appeals
of whatsoever kind; on account of which and for fear of disregarding which, it is our will
that there should be no delay, and, if any of these occur, we have withheld and reserved
cognizance of the same to ourselves and our council, apart from all other judges, and have
forbidden and prohibited the same to all our courts and judges: for this is our pleasure.
Given at Paris the seventh day of January, in the year of grace sixteen
hundred and eight, and the nineteenth of our reign. Signed, HENRY. And lower down, by the
king, Delomenie. And sealed with the single label of the great seal of yellow wax.
Collated with the original by me, counselor, notary, and secretary of the king.
I proceeded to Honfleur for embarkation, where I found the vessel of
Pont Gravé in readiness. He left port on the 5th of April. I did so on the 13th, arriving
at the Grand Bank on the 15th of May, in latitude 45E 15'. On
the 26th we sighted Cape St. Mary, in latitude 46E 45', on
the Island of Newfoundland. On the 27th of the month we sighted Cape St. Lawrence, on Cape
Breton, and also the Island of St. Paul, distant eighty-three leagues from Cape St. Mary.
On the 30th we sighted Isle Percée, and Gaspé, in latitude 48E
40', distant from seventy to seventy-five leagues.
On the 3d of June we arrived before Tadoussac, distant from Gaspé from
eighty to ninety leagues; and we anchored in the roadstead of Tadoussac, a league distant
from the harbor, which latter is a kind of cove at the mouth of the River Saguenay, and
where there are sometimes violent winds, bringing severe cold. It is maintained that from
the harbor of Tadoussac it is some forty-five or fifty leagues to the first fall on this
river, which comes from the north-northwest. The harbor is small, and can accommodate only
about twenty vessels. It has water enough, and is under shelter of the River Saguenay and
a little rocky island, which is almost cut by the river. Elsewhere there are very high
mountains, with little soil and only rocks and sand, thickly covered with such wood as fir
and birch. There is a small pond near the harbor, shut in by mountains covered with wood.
There are two points at the mouth: one on the southwest side, extending out nearly a
league into the sea, called Point St. Matthew, or otherwise Point aux Allouettes; and
another on the north-west side, extending out one-eighth of a league, and called Point of
all Devils, from the dangerous nature of the place. The winds from the south-south-east
strike the harbor, which are not to be feared; but those, however, from the Saguenay are.
The two points above mentioned are dry at low tide.
Our vessel was unable to enter the harbor, as the wind and tide were
unfavorable. I at once had the boat lowered, in order to go to the port and ascertain
whether Pont Gravé had arrived. While on the way, I met a shallop with the pilot of Pont
Gravé and a Basque, who came to inform me of what had happened to them because they
attempted to hinder the Basque vessels from trading, according to the commission obtained
by Sieur de Monts from his Majesty, that no vessels should trade without permission of
Sieur de Monts, as well as expressed in it; and that, notwithstanding the notifications
which Pont Gravé made in behalf of his Majesty, they did not desist from forcibly
carrying on their traffic; and that they have used their arms and maintained themselves so
well in their vessels that, discharging all their cannon upon that of Pont Gravé, and
letting off many musket-shots, he was severely wounded, together with three of his men,
one of whom died, Pont Gravé meanwhile making no resistance, for at the first shower of
musketry he was struck down. The Basques came on board of the vessel and took away all the
cannon and arms, declaring that they would trade, notwithstanding the prohibition of the
King, and that when they were ready to set out from France they would restore to him his
cannon and ammunition, and that they were keeping them in order to be in a state of
security. Upon hearing all these particulars I was greatly annoyed at such a beginning,
which we might have easily avoided.
Now, after hearing from the pilot all these things, I asked him why the
Basque had come on board of our vessel. He told me that he came in behalf of their master,
named Darache, and his companions to obtain assurance from me that I would do them no
harm, when our vessel entered the harbor. I replied that I could not give any until I had
seen Pont Gravé. The Basque said that, if I had need of anything in their power, they
would assist me accordingly. What led them to use this language was simply their
recognition of having done wrong, as they confessed, and the fear that they would not be
permitted to engage in the whale-fishery. After talking at length, I went ashore to see
Pont Gravé, in order to deliberate as to what was to be done. I found him very ill. He
related to me in detail all that had happened. We concluded that we could only enter the
harbor by force, and that the settlement must not be given up for this year, so that we
considered it best, in order not to make a bad cause out of a just one, and thus work our
ruin, to give them assurances on my part so long as I should remain there, and that Pont
Gravé should undertake nothing against them, but that justice should be done in France,
and their differences should be settled there. Darache, master of the vessel, begged me to
go on board, where he gave me a cordial reception. After a long conference, I secured an
agreement between Pont Gravé and him, and required him to promise that he would undertake
nothing against Pont Gravé, or what would be prejudicial to the King and Sieur de Monts;
that, if he did the contrary, I should regard my promise as null and void. This was agreed
to, and signed by each.
In this place were a number of savages who had come for traffic in
furs, several of whom came to our vessels with their canoes, which are from eight to nine
paces long, and about a pace or pace and a half broad in their middle, growing narrower
toward the two ends. They are very apt to turn over, in case one does not understand
managing them, and are made of birch bark, strengthened on the inside by little ribs of
white cedar, very neatly arranged. They are so light that a man can easily carry one. Each
can carry a weight equal to that of a pipe. When they want to go overland to a river where
they have business, they carry them with them. From Chouacoet along the coast as far as
the harbor of Tadoussac, they are all alike. After this agreement, I had some carpenters
set to work to fit up a little barque of twelve or fourteen tons, for carrying all that
was needed for our settlement, which, however, could not be got ready before the last of
June.
Meanwhile I managed to visit some parts of the river Saguenay, a fine
river, which has the incredible depth of one hundred and fifty to two hundred fathoms.
About fifty leagues from the mouth of the harbor there is, as is said, a great waterfall,
descending from a very high elevation with great impetuosity. There are some islands in
this river, very barren, being only rocks covered with small furs and heathers. It is half
a league broad in places, and a quarter of a league at its mouth, where the current is so
strong that at three-quarters flood-tide in the river it is still running out. All the
land that I have seen consists only of mountains and rocky promontories, for the most part
covered with fir and birch, a very unattractive country on both sides of the river. In a
word, it is mere wastes, uninhabited by either animals or birds; for, going out hunting in
places which seemed to me the most pleasant, I found only some very small birds, such as
swallows and river birds, which go there in summer. At other times there are none
whatever, in consequence of the excessive cold. The river flows from the north-west.
The savages told me that after passing the first fall, they meet with
eight others, when they go to a day's journey without finding any. Then they pass ten
others, and enter a lake, which they are three days in crossing, and they are easily able
to make ten leagues a day upstream. At the end of the lake there dwells a migratory
people. Of the three rivers which flow into this lake, one comes from the north, very near
the sea, where they consider it much colder than in their own country; and the other two
from other directions in the interior, where are migratory savages, living only from
hunting, and where our savages carry the merchandise we give them for their furs, such as
beaver, marten, lynx, and otter, which are found there in large numbers, and which they
then carry to our vessels. These people of the north report to our savages that they see
the salt sea; and, if that is true, as I think it certainly is, it can be nothing but a
gulf entering the interior on the north. The savages say that the distance from the north
sea to the port of Tadoussac is perhaps forty-five or fifty days' journey, in consequence
of the difficulties presented by the roads, rivers and country, which is very mountainous,
and where there is snow for the most part of the year. This is what I have definitely
ascertained in regard to this river. I have often wished to explore it, but could not do
so without the savages, who were unwilling that I or any of our party should accompany
them. Nevertheless, they have promised that I shall do so. This exploration would be
desirable, in order to remove the doubts of many persons in regard to the existence of
this sea on the north, where it is maintained that the English have gone in these latter
years to find a way to China.
I set out from Tadoussac the last day of the month to go to Quebec. We
passed near the island called Hare Island, distant six leagues from the above named port;
it is two leagues from the northern, and nearly four leagues from the southern shore. From
Hare Island we proceeded to a little river, dry at low tide, up which some seven hundred
or eight hundred paces there are two falls. We named it Salmon River, since we caught some
of these fish in it. Coasting along the north shore, we came to a point extending into the
river, which we called Cape Dauphin, distant three leagues from Salmon River. Thence we
proceeded to another, which we named Eagle Cape, distant eight leagues from Cape Dauphin.
Between the two there is a large bay, at the extremity of which there is a little river
dry at low tide. From Eagle Cape we proceeded to Isle aux Coudres, a good league distant,
which is about a league and a half long. It is nearly level, and grows narrower towards
the two ends. On the western side there are meadows, and rocky points extending some
distance out into the river On the south-west side it is very reefy, yet very pleasant in
consequence of the woods surrounding it. It is distant about half a league from the
northern shore, where is a little river extending some distance into the interior. We
named it Riviere du Gouffre, since abreast of it the tide runs with extraordinary
rapidity; and, although it has a calm appearance, it is always much agitated, the depth
there being great: but the river itself is shallow, and there are many rocks at and about
its mouth.
Coasting along from Isle aux Coudres, we reached a cape which we named
Cap de Tourmente, five leagues distant; and we gave it this name because, however little
wind there may be, the water rises there as if it were full tide. At this point the water
begins to be fresh. Thence we proceeded to the Isle d=Orleans,
a distance of two leagues, on the south side of which are numerous islands, low, covered
with trees and very pleasant, with large meadows, having plenty of game, some being, so
far as I could judge, two leagues in length, others a trifle more or less. About these
islands are many rocks, also very dangerous shallows, some two leagues distant from the
main land on the south. All this shore, both north and south, from Tadoussac to the Isle d=Orleans, is mountainous, and the soil very poor. The
wood is pine, fir, and birch only, with very ugly rocks, so that in most places one could
not make his way.
Now we passed along south of the Isle d'Orleans, which is a league and a half distant from
the main land and a half a league on the north side, being six leagues in length, and one
in breadth, or in some places a league and a half. On the north side, it is very pleasant,
on account of the great extent of woods and meadows there; but it is very dangerous
sailing, in consequence of the numerous points and rocks between the main land and the
island, on which are numerous fine oaks and in some places nut-trees, and on the borders
of the woods wines and other trees such as we have in France. This place is the
commencement of the fine and fertile country of the great river, and is distant one
hundred and twenty leagues from its mouth. Off the end of the island is a torrent of water
on the north shore, proceeding from a lake ten leagues in the interior: it comes down from
a height nearly twenty-five fathoms, above which the land is level and pleasant, although
further inland are seen high mountains appearing to be from fifteen to twenty leagues
distant.
From the Isle d'Orleans to
Quebec the distance is a league. I arrived there on the 3rd of July, when I searched for a
place suitable for our settlement; but I could find none more convenient or better suited
than the point of Quebec, so called by the savages, which was covered with nut-trees. I at
once employed a portion of our workmen in cutting them down, that we might construct our
habitations there: one I set to sawing boards, another to making a cellar and digging
ditches, another I sent to Tadoussac with the barque to get supplies, which was promptly
accomplished through the zeal of all, and my attention to the work.
Some days after my arrival at Quebec a locksmith conspired against the
service of the king. His plan was to put me to death, and, getting possession of our fort,
to put into the hands of the Basques or Spaniards, then at Tadoussac, beyond which vessels
cannot go, from not having a knowledge of the route, nor of the banks and rocks on the
way. In order to execute his wretched plan, by which he hoped to make his fortune, he
suborned four of the worst characters, as he supposed, telling them a thousand falsehoods,
and presenting to them prospects of acquiring riches. These four men, having been won
over, all promised to act in such a manner as to gain the rest over to their side, so
that, for the time being, I had no one with me in whom I could put confidence, which gave
them still more hope of making their plan succeed; for four or five of my companions, in
whom they knew that I put confidence, were on board of the barques, for the purpose of
protecting the provisions and supplies necessary for our settlement. In a word, they were
so skillful in carrying out their intrigues with those who remained that they were on the
point of gaining all over to their cause, even my lackey, promising them many things which
they could not have fulfilled.
Being now all agreed, they made daily different plans as to how they
should put me to death, so as not to be accused of it, which they found to be a difficult
thing. But the devil, blindfolding them all and taking away their reason and every
possible difficulty, they determined to take me while unarmed, and strangle me, or to give
a false alarm at night, and shoot me as I went out, in which manner they judged that they
would accomplish their work sooner than otherwise. They made a mutual promise not to
betray each other, on penalty that the first one who opened his mouth should be poniarded.
They were to execute their plan in four days, before the arrival of our barques, otherwise
they would have been unable to carry out their scheme.
On this very day one of our barques arrived, with our pilot, Captain
Testu, a very discreet man. After the barque was unloaded, and ready to return to
Tadoussac, there came to him a locksmith, named Natel, an associate of Jean du Val, the
head of the conspiracy, who told him that he had promised the rest to do just as they did,
but that he did not in fact desire the execution of the plot, yet did not dare to make a
disclosure in regard to it from fear of being poniarded. Antoine Natel made the pilot
promise that he would make no disclosure in regard to what he should say, since, if his
companions should discover it, they would put him to death. The pilot gave him his
assurance in all particulars, and asked him to state the character of the plot which they
wished to carry out. This Natel did at length, when the pilot said to him: "My friend you have done well to disclose such a
malicious design, and you show that you are an upright man, and under the guidance of the
Holy Spirit. But these things cannot be passed by without bringing them to the knowledge
of Sieur de Champlain, that he may make provision against them, and I promise you that I
will prevail upon him to pardon you and the rest. And I will at once," said the pilot, "go to him without exciting any suspicion; and do
you go about your business, listening to all they may say, and not troubling yourself
about the rest."
The pilot came at once to me, in a garden which I was having prepared,
and said that he wished to speak to me in a private place, where we could be alone. I
readily assented, and we went into the wood, where he related to me the whole affair. I
asked who had told it to him. He begged me to pardon him who had made the disclosure,
which I consented to do, although he ought to have addressed himself to me. He was afraid,
he replied, that you would become angry, and harm him. I told him that I was able to
govern myself better than that in such a matter, and desired him to have the man come to
me, that I might hear the statement. He went, and brought him all trembling with fear lest
I should do him harm. I reassured him, telling him not to be afraid, that he was in a
place of safety, and that I should pardon him for all that he had done, together with the
others, provided he would tell me in full the truth in regard to the whole matter, and the
motive which had impelled them to it. "Nothing," he said, "had
impelled them, except that they had imagined that, by giving up the place into the hands
of the Basques or Spaniards, they might all become rich, and that they did not want to go
back to France." He also related to me the
remaining particulars in regard to their conspiracy.
After having heard and questioned him, I directed him to go about his
work. Meanwhile I ordered the pilot to bring up his shallop, which he did. Then I gave two
bottles of wine to a young man, directing him to say to these four worthies, the leaders
of the conspiracy, that it was a present of wine, which his friends at Tadoussac had given
him, and that he wished to share it with them. This they did not decline, and at evening
were on board the barque where he was to give them the entertainment. I lost no time in
going there shortly after, and caused them to be seized and held until the next day. Then
were my worthies astonished indeed. I at once had all get up, for it was about ten o'clock
in the evening, and pardoned them all on condition that they would disclose to me the
truth in regard to all that had occurred, which they did, when I had them retire.
The next day I took the depositions of all, one after the other, in the
presence of the pilot and sailors of the vessel, which I had put down in writing; and they
were well pleased, as they said, since they had lived only in fear of each other,
especially of the four knaves who had ensnared them. But now they lived in peace,
satisfied, as they declared, with the treatment which they had received. The same day I
had six pairs of handcuffs made for the authors of the conspiracy: one for our surgeon,
named Bonnerme, one for another, named La Taille, whom the four conspirators had accused,
which, however, proved false, and consequently they were given their liberty.
This being done, I took my worthies to Tadoussac, begging Pont Gravé
to do me the favor of guarding them, since I had as yet no secure place for keeping them,
and as we were occupied in constructing our places of abode. Another object was to consult
with him, and others on the ship, as to what should be done in the premises. We suggested
that, after he had finished his work at Tadoussac, he should come to Quebec with the
prisoners, where we should have them confronted with their witnesses, and, after giving
them a hearing, order justice to be done according to the offense which they had
committed.
I went back the next day to Quebec, to hasten the completion of our
storehouse, so as to secure our provisions, which had been misused by all those
scoundrels, who spared nothing, without reflecting how they could find more when these
failed; for I could not obviate the difficulty until the storehouse should be completed
and shut up. Pont Gravé arrived some time after me, with the prisoners, which caused
uneasiness to the workmen who remained, since they feared that I should pardon them, and
that they would avenge themselves upon them for revealing their wicked design. We had them
brought face to face, and they affirmed before them all which they had stated in their
depositions, the prisoners not denying it, but admitting that they had acted in a wicked
manner, and should be punished, unless mercy might be exercised towards them; accusing,
above all, Jean du Val, who had been trying to lead them into such a conspiracy from the
time of their departure from France. Du Val knew not what to say, except that he deserved
death, that all stated in the depositions was true, and that he begged for mercy upon
himself and the others, who had given in their adherence to his pernicious purposes.
After Pont Gravé and I, the captain of the vessel, surgeon, mate,
second mate, and other sailors had heard their depositions and face to face statements, we
adjudged that it would be enough to put to death Du Val, as the instigator of the
conspiracy; and that he might serve as an example to those who remained, leading them to
deport themselves correctly in future, in the discharge of their duty; and that the
Spaniards and Basques, of whom there were large numbers in the country, might not glory in
the event. We adjudged that the three others be condemned to be hung, but that they should
be taken to France and put into the hands of Sieur de Monts, that such ample justice might
be done them as he should recommend; that they should be sent with all the evidence of
their sentence, as well as that of Jean du Val, who was strangled and hung at Quebec, and
his head was put on the end of a pike, to be set up in the most conspicuous place on our
fort. After all these occurrences, Pont Gravé set out from Quebec, on the 18th of
September, to return to France with the three prisoners. After he had gone, all who
remained conducted themselves correctly in the discharge of their duty.
I had the work of our quarters continued, which was composed of three
buildings of two stories. Each one was three fathoms long, and two and a half wide, with a
fine cellar six feet deep. I had a gallery made all around our buildings, on the outside,
at the second story, which proved very convenient. There were also ditches, fifteen feet
wide and six deep. On the other side of the ditches I constructed several spurs, which
enclosed a part of the dwelling, at the points where we placed our cannon. Before the
habitation there is a place four fathoms wide and six or seven long, looking out upon the
riverbank. Surrounding the habitation are very good gardens, and a place on the north side
some hundred or hundred and twenty paces long and fifty or sixty wide. Moreover, near
Quebec, there is a little river, coming from a lake in the interior, distant six or seven
leagues from our settlement. I am of the opinion that this river, which is north a quarter
north-west from our settlement, is the place where Jacques Cartier wintered, since there
are still, a league up the river, remains of what seems to have been a chimney, the
foundation of which has been found, and indications of there having been ditches
surrounding their dwelling, which was small. We found, also, large pieces of hewn,
worm-eaten timber, and some three or four cannon-balls. All these things show clearly that
there was a settlement there founded by Christians; and what leads me to say and believe
that it was that of Jacques Cartier is the fact that there is no evidence whatever that
any one wintered and built a house in these places except Jacques Cartier, at the time of
his discoveries.
This place, as I think, must have been called St. Croix, as he named
it, which name has since been transferred to another place fifteen leagues west of our
settlement. But there is no evidence of his having wintered in the place now called St.
Croix, nor in any other there, since in this direction there is no river or other place
large enough for vessels except the main river or that of which I spoke above; here there
is a half a fathom of water at low tide, many rocks, and a bank at the mouth, for vessels,
if kept in the main river, where there are strong currents and tides, and ice in the
winter, drifting along, would run the risk of being lost; especially as there is a sandy
point extending out into the river, and filled with rocks, between which we have found,
within the last three years, a passage not before discovered; but one must go through
cautiously, in consequence of the dangerous points there. This place is exposed to the
north-west winds; and the river runs as if it were a fall, the tide ebbing two and a half
fathoms. There are no signs of buildings here, nor any indications that a man of judgment
would settle in this place, there being many other better ones, in case one were obliged
to make a permanent stay. I have been desirous of speaking at length on this point, since
many believe that the abode of Jacques Cartier was here, which I do not believe, for the
reasons here given; for Cartier would have left to posterity a narrative of the matter, as
he did in the case of all he saw and discovered; and I maintain that my opinion is the
true one, as can be shown by the history which he has left in writing.
Source.
From: Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee:
University Research Extension Co., 1907), Vol. V: 9th to 16th Centuries, pp.
342-354.
Scanned by Jerome S. Arkenberg, Cal. State Fullerton. The text has been modernized by
Prof. Arkenberg.
This text is part of the Internet
Modern History Sourcebook. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and
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© Paul Halsall June1998
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© Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 15 November 2024 [CV]
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