Jean Domat (1625-1696) was a renowned French jurist in the reign of Louis XIV, the
king who perfected the practice of royal absolutism. Domat made it his life's task to
explain the theory behind this absolutism by setting French law and social structure into
the wider context of the law of nature and the law of God. Louis XIV regarded Domat's work
so highly that he assigned him a pension, and in effect the royal government sponsored his
publications. Public Law, the treatise that dealt most directly with the origin of social
order and government, and with the rights and duties of kings, appeared in 1697, the year
after Domat's death.
There is no one who is not convinced of the importance of good order in the state and
who does not sincerely wish to see that state well ordered in which he has to live. For
everyone understands, and feels in himself by experience and by reason, that this order
concerns and touches him in a number of ways ....
Everyone knows that human society forms a body of which each person is a member; and
this truth, which Scripture teaches us and which the light of reason makes plain, is the
foundation of all the duties that relate to the conduct of each person toward others and
toward the body as a whole. For these sorts of duties are nothing else but the functions
appropriate to the place each person holds according to his rank in society.
It is in this principle that we must seek the origin of the rules that determine the
duties, both of those who govern and of those who are subject to government. For it is
through the place God has assigned each person in the body of society, that He, by calling
him to it, prescribes all his functions and duties. And just as He commands everyone to
obey faithfully the precepts of His law that make up the duties of all people in general,
so He prescribes for each one in particular the duties proper to his condition and status,
according to his rank in the body of which he is a member. This includes the functions and
duties of each member with respect to other individuals and with respect to the body as a
whole.
[Necessity and the Origin of Government]
Because all men are equal by nature, that is to say, by their basic humanity, nature
does not make anyone subject to others .... But within this natural equality, people are
differentiated by factors that make their status unequal, and forge between them
relationships and dependencies that determine the various duties of each toward the
others, and make government necessary ....
The first distinction that subjects people to others is the one created by birth
between parents and children. And this distinction leads to a first kind of government in
families, where children owe obedience to their parents, who head the family.
The second distinction among persons arises from the diversity of employments required
by society, and which unite them all into a body of which each is a member. For just as
God has made each person depend on the help of others for various needs, He has
differentiated their status and their employments for the sake of all these needs,
assigning to people the place in which they should function. And it is through these
interdependent employments and conditions that the ties binding human society are formed,
as well as the ties among its individual members. This also makes it necessary to have a
head to unite and rule the body of the society created by these various employments, and
to maintain the order of the relationships that give the public the benefit of the
different functions corresponding to each person's station in life.
***
It is a further consequence of these principles that, since all people do not do their
duty and some, on the contrary, commit injustices, for the sake of keeping order in
society, injustices and all enterprises against this order must be repressed: which was
possible only through authority given to some over others, and which made government
necessary.
This necessity of government over people equal by their nature, distinguished from each
other only by the differences that God established among them according to their stations
and professions, makes it clear that government arises from His will; and because only He
is the natural sovereign of men, it is from Him that all those who govern derive their
power and all their authority, and it is God Himself Whom they represent in their
functions.
[The Duties of the Governed]
Since government is necessary for the public good, and God Himself has established
it, it is consequently also necessary for those who are subject to government, to be
submissive and obedient. For otherwise they would resist God Himself, and government,
which should be the bond of peace and unity that brings about the public good, would
become an occasion for divisions and disturbances that would cause its downfall.
The first duty of obedience to government is the duty to obey those who hold the first
place in it, monarchs or others who are the heads of the body that makes up society, and
to obey them as the limbs of the human body obey the head to which they are united.
This obedience to him who governs should be considered as obedience to the power of God
Himself, Who has instituted [the prince] as His lieutenant ....
***
Obedience to government includes the duties of keeping the laws, not undertaking
anything contrary to them, performing what is ordered, abstaining from what is forbidden,
shouldering public burdens, whether offices or taxes; and in general everyone is obliged
not only not to contravene public order in any way, but to contribute to it [positively)
according to his circumstances.
Since this obedience is necessary to maintain the order and peace that should unite the
head and members composing the body of the state, it constitutes a universal duty for all
subjects in all cases to obey the orders of the prince, without taking the liberty of
passing judgment on the orders they should obey. For otherwise, the right to inquire what
is just or not would make everyone a master, and this liberty would encourage seditions.
Thus each individual owes obedience to the laws themselves and [even] to unjust orders,
provided he can obey and follow them without injustice on his own part. And the only
exception that can qualify this obedience is limited to cases in which one could not obey
without disobeying the divine law.
[The Power, Rights, and Duties of Sovereigns]
The sovereign power of government should be proportionate to its mandate, and in
the station he occupies in the body of human society that makes up the state, he who is
the head should hold the place of God. For since God is the only natural sovereign of men,
their judge, their lawgiver, their king, no man can have lawful authority over others
unless he holds it from the hand of God .... The power of sovereigns being thus derived
from the authority of God, it acts as the arm and force of the justice that should be the
soul of government; and that justice alone has the natural claim to rule the minds and
hearts of men, for it is over these two faculties of men that justice should reign.
***
According to these principles, which are the natural foundations of the authority of
those who govern, their power must have two essential attributes: one, to make that
justice rule from which their power is entirely derived, and the other, to be as absolute
as the rule of that justice itself, which is to say, the rule of God Himself Who is
justice and Who wishes to reign through [princes] as He wishes them to reign through Him.
For this reason Scripture gives the name of gods to those to whom God has entrusted the
right of judging, which is the first and most essential of all the functions of
government....
Since the power of princes thus comes to them from God, and since He gives it to them
only as an instrument of His providence and His rule over the states whose government He
delegates to them, it is clear that they should use this power in accordance with the aims
that divine providence and rule have established for them; and that the material and
visible manifestations of their authority should reflect the operation of the will of
God.... [The will of GodJ Whose rule they ought to make visible through their power,
should be the governing principle for the way they use that power, since their power is
the instrument [of the divine will] and is entrusted to them only for that purpose.
This, without a doubt, is the foundation and first principle of all the duties of
sovereigns, namely to let God Himself rule; that is, to govern according to His will which
is nothing other than justice. Thus it is the rule of justice which should be the glory
[of the rule] of princes.
***
Among the rights of the sovereign, the first is the right to administer justice, the
foundation of public order, whether he exercises it himself as occasions arise or whether
he lets it be exercised by others whom he delegates for the purpose ....
***
This same right to enforce the laws, and to maintain order in general by the
administration of justice and the deployment of sovereign power, gives the prince the
right to use his authority to enforce the laws of the Church, whose protector,
conservator, and defender [sic] he should be; so that by the aid of his authority,
religion rules all his subjects....
***
Among the rights that the laws give the sovereign should be included [the right] to
display all the signs of grandeur and majesty necessary to make manifest the authority and
dignity of such wide-ranging and lofty power, and to impress veneration for it upon the
minds of all subjects. For although they should see in it the power of God Who has
established it and should revere it apart from any visible signs of grandeur, nevertheless
since God accompanies His own power with visible splendor on earth and in the heavens as
in a throne and a palace...
He permits that the power He shares with sovereigns be proportionately enhanced by them
in ways suitable for arousing respect in the people. This can only be done by the splendor
that radiates from the magnificence of their palaces and the other visible signs of
grandeur that surround them, and whose use He Himself has given to the princes who have
ruled according to His spirit.
***
The first and most essential of all the duties of those whom God raises to sovereign
government is to acknowledge this truth: that it is from God that they hold all their
power [sic], that it is His place they take, that it is through Him they should reign,
and that it is to Him they should look for the knowledge and wisdom needed to master the
art of governing. And it is these truths they should make the principle of all their
conduct and the foundation of all their duties.
***
The first result of these principles is that sovereigns should know what God requires
of them in their station and how they should use the power He has given them. And it is
from Him they should learn it, by reading His law, whose study He has explicitly
prescribed for them, including what they should know in order to govern well.
***
These general obligations ... encompass all the specific duties of those who hold
sovereign power. For [these obligations] cover everything that concerns the administration
of justice, the general policing of the state, public order, the repose of subjects, peace
of mind in families, vigilance over everything that can contribute to the common good, the
choice of able ministers who love justice and truth [sic], the appointment of good men
to the dignities and offices that the sovereign himself needs to fill with persons known
to him, the observance of regulations for filling other offices with people not subject to
his personal choice, discretion in the use of severity or mercy in those cases where the
rigor of justice may be tempered, a wise distribution of benefices, rewards, exemptions,
privileges, and other favors; good administration of the public finances, prudence in
conducting relations with foreign states, and lastly everything that can make government
pleasing to good people, terrible to the wicked, and worthy in all respects of the divine
mandate to govern men, and of the use of a power which, coming only from God, shares in
His own Authority.
***
We may add as a last duty of the sovereign, which follows from the first and includes
all the others, that although his power seems to place him above the law, no one having
the right to call him to account, nevertheless he should observe the laws as they may
apply to him. And he is obliged to do this not only in order to set a good example to his
subjects and make them love their duty, but because his sovereign power does not exempt
him from his own duty, and his station requires him to prefer the general good of the
state to his personal interests, and it is a glory for him to look upon the general good
as his own.
