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Internet Modern History Sourcebook
CRIB SHEET: Late 19th Century Science and Culture
[Note: Crib Sheets are meant as review aids for a particular
period/theme. They are not complete overviews!]
Context of Cultural Change Knowledge and literature now more widespread:
- Large reading public
- state education
- cheap newspapers eg. Daily Mail in England
Realism in Literature
- Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) Madame Bovary 1857
- George Eliot (1819-1880) Adam Bede 1859
Science Medicine
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Discovers bacteria 1868.
- Vaccination against Rabies 1885.
- Joseph Lister (1827-1912) begins sterilising wounds.
Biology
- Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913) - "survival of the
fittest".
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882),
The Origin of the Species 1859, The Descent of Man 1871
- Darwinian Evolution - Nature "red in tooth and claw".
- Social Darwinism [ref. Herbert Spencer, Eugenics
- Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - Genetics
Physics
- Albert Einstein (1879-1955), 1905 General Theory of Relativity
Psychology
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) - Psychoanalysis
- Tripartite division of the self - Ego, Id, Superego
- sublimation of sexual energy for civilization.
The Crisis of Humanism
- Auguste Comte (1798-1857) The Positive Philosophy 1830-1842
- Fredrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Beyond Good and Evil 1886
- Bertrand Russell: "Humanity is just an accidental assembly
of atoms at the present time, which will separate in the future".
- ISSUES:
Do people lack all free will - are their actions predetermined
by their genetic make-up, or their psychological background, or do people have a real opportunity to make an impact on the world,
and to be responsible for their actions?
The Roman Church
- Pius IX (1846-1878)
Immaculate Conception defined 1856
The Syllabus of Errors 1864
Vatican I 1870 - Papal Infallibility.
- Leo XIII (1878-1903),
Rerum Novarum 1891.
- St. Pius X (1903-1914)
Code of Canon Law 1911.
Spirituality and Marian Apparitions
- John Henry Newman.
- Lourdes - 1858 - St. Bernadette:,
- Fatima - 1911., "Devotional Catholicism"
in the United States
© 1997, Paul Halsall,
The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the History Department of Fordham University, New York. The Internet
Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at
the Fordham University Center
for Medieval Studies.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the
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providing web space and server support for the project. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University. Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not
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© Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 15 November 2024 [CV]
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