[Horne Introduction]
The book of the Turkish Admiral Sidi Ali Reis, entitled "Mirat ul Memalik"
(the Mirror of Countries), is in many ways interesting. In the first place, on account of
the personality of the author, in whom we see a man of many varied accomplishments; a
genuine type of the Islamic culture of his time, and a representative of that class of
official and military dignitaries to whose influence it is chiefly due that the Ottoman
Empire, extending over three continents, attained to that eminent height of culture which
it occupied during the reign of Suleiman the Great. Sidi Ali is the descendant of an
illustrious family connected with the arsenal at Galata, in whom love for the sea seems to
have been hereditary, and hence, as the Turkish publisher points out in his preface, Sidi
Ali, being thoroughly acquainted with the nautical science of his day, excels as author on
maritime subjects.
As a man of general culture, he was in harmony with the prevailing notions of his time,
as mathematician, astronomer, and geographer; and also as poet, theologian, and in all
branches of general literature; sometimes wielding his pen in writing lyrical or
occasional verses, at other times entering into keen controversial disputes upon certain
Koran theses or burning schismatic questions.
Besides all this he was a warrior, proving himself as undaunted in fighting the
elements as in close combat with the Portuguese, who in point of accoutrement had far the
advantage over him. But what stands out above all these accomplishments is his glowing
patriotism and his unwavering faith in the power and the greatness of the Ottoman Empire.
He boasts that he never ceases to hope to see Gujarat and Ormuz joined to the Ottoman
realm; his one desire is to see his Padishah ruler of the world, and wherever he goes and
whatever he sees, Rum (Turkey) always remains in his eyes the most beautiful, the richest,
and the most cultured land of the whole world. The Turkish Admiral has, moreover, a
singularly happy way of expressing himself on this subject of his preference for his own
Padishah and his native land; and this required no small amount of courage and tact where
he had to face proud Humayun or Thamasp, no less conceited than the former.
When Sultan Suleiman had taken up his winter residence in Aleppo, I, the author of
these pages, was appointed to the Admiralship of the Egyptian fleet, and received
instructions to fetch back to Egypt the ships (15 galleys), which some time ago had been
sent to Basrah on the Persian Gulf. But, "Man proposes, God disposes." I was
unable to carry out my mission, and as I realized the impossibility of returning by water,
I resolved to go back to Turkey by the overland route, accompanied by a few tried and
faithful Egyptian soldiers. I traveled through Gujarat, Hind, Sind, Balkh, Zabulistan,
Bedakhshan, Khotlan, Turan, and Iran, i.e., through Trans-oxania, Khorassan, Kharezm, and
Deshti-Kiptchak; and as I could not proceed any farther in that direction, I went by
Meshed and the two Iraqs, Kazwin and Hamadan, on to Baghdad.
Our travels ended, my companions and fellow-adventurers persuaded me to write down our
experiences, and the dangers through which we had passed, an accurate account of which it
is almost impossible to give; also to tell of the cities and the many wonderful sights we
had seen, and of the holy shrines we had visited. And so this little book sees the light;
in it I have tried to relate, in simple and plain language, the troubles and difficulties,
the suffering and the distress which beset our path, up to the time that we reached
Constantinople. Considering the matter it contains this book ought to have been entitled,
"A tale of woe," but with a view to the scene of action I have called it
"Mirror of Countries," and as such I commend it to the reader's kind attention.
The Beginning of the Story
When the illustrious Padishah was holding his court at Aleppo, in Ramazan of the year
960 (1552), I was commanded to join the army. I celebrated Ramzam-Bairam in attendance on
his Majesty, later on, however, I went to Sidi-Ghazi, made a pilgrimage in Konia to the
tomb of Molla-i-Rumi, and visited the shrines of the Sultan ul-Ulema, and Shemsi Tebrizi,
and of the Sheik Sadr-ed-din-Koniavi; at Kassarie I made a pilgrimage to the graves of the
Sheiks Awhad-ed-din Kirmani, Burham-ed-din, Baha-ed-din Zade, Ibrahim Akserayi, and Davud
Kaissari. Returned to Haleb (Aleppo), I visited the graves of Daud, Zakeriah, and Balkiah,
as also those of Saad and Said, companions of the Prophet. The Kurban-Bairam I spent again
in attendance on the Sultan.
I must here mention that Piri Bey, the late Admiral of the Egyptian fleet, had, some
time previous to this, been dispatched with about 30 ships (galleys and galleons) from
Suez, through the Red Sea, touching Jedda and Yemen, and through the straits of
Bab-i-Mandeb, past Aden and along the coast of Shahar. Through fogs and foul weather his
fleet became dispersed, some ships were lost, and with the remainder he proceeded from
Oman to Muscat, took the fortress and made all the inhabitants prisoners; he also made an
incursion into the islands of Ormuz and Barkhat, after which he returned to Muscat. There
he learned from the captive infidel captain that the Christian [Portuguese] fleet was on
its way, that therefore any further delay was inadvisable, as in case it arrived he would
not be able to leave the harbor at all. As a matter of fact it was already too late to
save all the ships; he therefore took only three, and with these just managed to make his
escape before the arrival of the Portuguese. One of his galleys was wrecked near Bahrein,
so he brought only two vessels back to Egypt. As for the remainder of the fleet at Basrah,
Kubad Pasha had offered the command of it to the Chief Officer, but he had declined, and
returned to Egypt by land.
When this became known in Constantinople the command of the fleet had been given to
Murad Bey, formerly Sanjakbey of Catif, then residing in Basrah. He was ordered to leave
two ships, five galleys, and one galleon at Basrah, and with the rest, i.e., 15 galleys
(one galley had been burned in Basrah) and two boats, he was to return to Egypt. Murad Bey
did start as arranged, but opposite Ormuz he came upon the Portuguese fleet, a terrible
battle followed in which Suleiman Reis, Rejeb Reis, and several of the men, died a
martyr's death. Many more were wounded and the ships terribly battered by the
cannon-balls. At last, night put a stop to the fight. One boat was wrecked off the Persian
coast, part of the crew escaped, the rest were taken prisoners by the infidels, and the
boat itself captured.
When all this sad news reached the capital, toward the end of Zilhija of the said year
960 (1552), the author of these pages was appointed Admiral of the Egyptian fleet.
I, humble Sidi Ali bin Husein, also known as Kiatibi-Rumi [the writer of the West,
i.e., of Turkey], most gladly accepted the post. I had always been very fond of the sea,
had taken part in the expedition against Rhodes under the Sultan Suleiman, and had since
had a share in almost all engagements, both by land and by sea. I had fought under
Khaireddin Pasha, Sinan Pasha, and other captains, and had cruised about on the Western
[Mediterranean] sea, so that I knew every nook and corner of it. I had written several
books on astronomy, nautical science, and other matters bearing upon navigation. My father
and grandfather, since the conquest of Constantinople, had had charge of the arsenal at
Galata; they had both been eminent in their profession, and their skill had come down to
me as an heirloom.
The post now entrusted to me was much to my taste, and I started from Aleppo for
Basrah, on the first of Moharram of the year 961 (7 Dec. 1553). I crossed the Euphrates at
Biredjik and when in Reka (i.e., Orfah), I undertook a pilgrimage to the tomb of Abraham,
having visited on the way between Nisebin and Mossul the holy graves of the prophets Yunis
and Djerdjis and of the sheiks Mohammed Garabili, Feth Mosuli, and Sazib-elban-Mosuli. On
the way to Baghdad I made a little detour from Tekrit to Samira, and visited the graves of
Iman Ali-el-Hadi and Iman Haman Askeri, after which I came past the towns of Ashik and
Maashuk, and through Harbi, past the castle of Semke, on to Baghdad. We crossed the Tigris
near Djisr and, after visiting the graves of the saints there, I continued my journey past
the fortress of Teir, to Bire, and crossing the Euphrates near the little town of Wasib, I
reached Kerbela (Azwie), where I made a pilgrimage to the graves of the martyrs Hasan and
Husein.
Turning into the steppe near Shefata, I reached Nedjef (Haira) on the second day, and
visited the graves of Adam, Noah, Shimun, and Ali, and from there proceeded to Kufa, where
I saw the mosque with the pulpit under which the prophets of the house of Ali are buried,
and the tombs of Samber and Duldul. Arrived at the fortress of Hasinia, I visited the
grave of the prophet Zilkefl, the son of Aaron, and in Hilla I made pilgrimages to the
graves of Iman Mohammed Mehdi and Iman Akil, brother of Ali, and also visited there the
mosque of Shem. Again crossing the Euphrates (this time by a bridge), I resumed my journey
to Bagdad and went from there by ship to Basrah. On the way we touched Medain, saw the
grave of Selmas Faris, admired Tak Resri and the castle of Shah Zenan, and went past Imare
Bugazi, on the road of Vasit to Zekya, past the strongholds of Adjul and Misra to Sadi-es
Sueiba and on to Basrah, where I arrived toward the end of Safar of the said year
(beginning of February, 1554).
About What Happened in Basra
On the day after my arrival I had an interview with Mustafa Pasha, who, after seeing my
credentials, made over to me the 15 galleys which were needing a great deal of repair. As
far as could be, they were put in order, calked and provided with guns, which, however,
were not to be had in sufficient quantity either from the stores there or from Ormuz. A
water-supply had also to be arranged for, and as it was yet five months before the time of
the monsoon, I had plenty of leisure to visit the mosque of Ali and the graves of Hasan
Basri, Talha, Zobeir, Uns-bin-Malik, Abdurrahman-bin-Anf, and several martyrs and
companions of the Prophet. One night I dreamed that I lost my sword, and as I remembered
that a similar thing had happened to Sheik Muhieddin and had resulted in a defeat, I
became greatly alarmed, and, just as I was about to pray to the Almighty for the victory
of the Islam arms, I awoke. I kept this dream a secret, but it troubled me for a long
time, and when later on Mustafa Pasha sent a detachment of soldiers to take the island of
Huweiza (in which expedition I took part with five of my galleys), and the undertaking
resulted in our losing about a hundred men all through the fickleness of the Egyptian
troops, I fully believed this to be the fulfilment of my dream. But alas! there was more
to follow---for "What is decreed must come to pass, No matter, whether you are joyful
or anxious."
When at last the time of the monsoon came, the Pasha sent a trusty sailor with a
frigate to Ormuz, to explore the neighborhood. After cruising about for a month he
returned with the news that, except for four boats, there was no sign of any ships of the
infidels in those waters. The troops therefore embarked and we started for Egypt.
What Took Place in the Sea of Ormuz
On the first of Shavval we left the harbor of Basrah, accompanied, as far as Ormuz, by
the frigate of Sherifi Pasha. We visited on the way from Mehzari the grave of Khidr, and
proceeding along the coast of Duspul (Dizful), and Shushter in Charik, I made pilgrimages
to the graves of Imam Mohammed, Hanifi, and other saints. From the harbor in the province
of Shiraz we visited Rishehr (Bushir) and after reconnoitering the coasts and unable to
get any clue as to the whereabouts of the enemy by means of the Tshekleva, I
proceeded to Katif, situated near Lahsa and Hadjar on the Arabian coast. Unable to learn
anything there, I went on to Bahrein, where I interviewed the commander of the place, Reis
Murad. But neither could he give me any information about the fleet of the infidels. There
is a curious custom at Bahrein. The sailors, provided with a leather sack, dive down into
the sea and bring the fresh water from the bottom for Reis Murad's use. This water is
particularly pleasant and cold in the spring time, and Reis Murad gave me some. God's
power is boundless! This custom is the origin of the proverb: Maradj ul bahreia
jaltakian and hence also the name "Bahrein."
Next we came to Kis, i.e., old Ormuz, and Barhata, and several other small islands in
the Green Sea, i.e., the waters of Ormuz, but nowhere could we get any news of the fleet.
So we dismissed the vessel, which Mustafa Pasha had sent as an escort, with the message
that Ormuz was safely passed. We proceeded by the coasts of Djilgar and Djadi, past the
towns of Keizzar or Leime, and forty days after our departure, i.e., on the tenth of
Ramazan, in the forenoon, we suddenly saw coming toward us the Christian fleet, consisting
of four large ships, three galleons, six Portuguese guard ships, and twelve galleys, 25
vessels in all. I immediately ordered the canopy to be taken down, the anchor weighed, the
guns put in readiness, and then, trusting to the help of the Almighty, we fastened the lilandra to the mainmast, the flags were unfurled, and, full of courage and calling upon Allah, we
commenced to fight. The volley from the guns and cannon was tremendous, and with God's
help we sank and utterly destroyed one of the enemy's galleons. Never before within the
annals of history has such a battle been fought, and words fail me to describe it.
The battle continued till sunset, and only then the Admiral of the infidel fleet began
to show some signs of fear. He ordered the signal-gun to fire a retreat, and the fleet
turned in the direction of Ormuz. With the help of Allah, and under the lucky star of the
Padishah, the enemies of Islam had been defeated. Night came at last; we were becalmed for
awhile, then the wind rose, the sails were set and as the shore was near . . . until
daybreak. The next day we continued our previous course. On the day after we passed
Khorfakan, where we took in water, and soon after reached Oman, or rather Sohar. Thus we
cruised about for nearly 17 days. When on the sixth of Ramazan, i.e., the day of
Kadr-Ghedjesi, a night in the month of Ramazan, we arrived in the vicinity of Maskat and
Kalhat, we saw in the morning, issuing from the harbor of Maskat, 12 large boats and 22
gurabs, 32 vessels in all, comrnanded by Captain Kuya, the son of the Governor. They
carried a large number of troops.
The boats and galleons obscured the horizon with their mizzen sails and Peneta all set;
the guard-ships spread their round sails (Chember-yelken), and, gay with bunting, they
advanced toward us. Full of confidence in God's protection we awaited them. Their boats
attacked our galleys; the battle raged, cannon and guns, arrows and swords made terrible
slaughter on both sides. The Badjoalushka penetrated the boats and the Shaikas and tore large holes in their hulls, while our galleys were riddled through by the Darda thrown down upon us from the enemy's turrets, which gave them the appearance of bristling
porcupines; and they showered down upon us....The stones which they threw at us created
quite a whirlpool as they fell into the sea.
One of our galleys was set on fire by a bomb, but strange to say the boat from which it
issued shared the like fate. God is merciful! Five of our galleys and as many of the
enemy's boats were sunk and utterly wrecked, one of theirs went to the bottom with all
sails set. In a word, there was great loss on both sides; our rowers were now insufficient
in number to manage the oars, while running against the current, and to fire the cannon.
We were compelled to drop anchor (at the stern) and to continue to fight as best we might.
The boats had also to be abandoned.
Alemshah Reis, Rara Mustafa, and Kalfat Memi, captains of some of the foundered ships,
and Derzi Mustafa Bey, the Serdar of the volunteers, with the remainder of the Egyptian
soldiers and 200 carpenters, had landed on the Arabian shore, and as the rowers were Arabs
they had been hospitably treated by the Arabs of Nedjd. The ships (gurabs) of the infidel
fleet had likewise taken on board the crews of their sunken vessels, and as there were
Arabs amongst them, they also had found shelter on the Arabian coast. God is our witness.
Even in the war between Khaiveddin Pasha and Andreas Doria no such naval action as this
has ever taken place.
When night came, and we were approaching the bay of Ormuz, the wind began to rise. The
boats had already cast two Lenguvurta, i.e., large anchors, the Lushtas were tightly
secured, and, towing the conquered gurabs along, we neared the shore while the galleys,
dragging their anchors, followed. However, we were not allowed to touch the shore, and had
to set sail again. During that night we drifted away from the Arabian coast into the open
sea, and finally reached the coasts of Djash, in the province of Kerman. This is a long
coast, but we could find no harbor, and we roamed about for two days before we came to
Kichi Mekran. As the evening was far advanced we could not land immediately, but had to
spend another night at sea. In the morning a dry wind carried off many of the crew, and at
last, after unheard-of troubles and difficulties, we approached the harbor of Sheba.
Here we came upon a Notak, i.e,., a brigantine, laden with spoils, and when the
watchman sighted us they hailed us. We told them that we were Muslims, whereupon their
captain came on board our vessel; he kindly supplied us with water, for we had not a drop
left, and thus our exhausted soldiers were invigorated. This was on Bairam day, and for
us, as we had now got water, a double feast-day.
Escorted by the said captain we entered the harbor of Guador. The people there were
Beluchistanis and their chief was Malik Djelaleddin, the son of Malik Dinar. The Governor
of Guador came on board our ship and assured us of his unalterable devotion to our
glorious Padishah. He promised that henceforth, if at any time our fleet should come to
Ormuz, he would undertake to send 50 or 60 boats to supply us with provisions, and in
every possible way to be of service to us. We wrote a letter to the native Prince
Djelaleddin to ask for a pilot, upon which a first-class pilot was sent us, with the
assurance that he was thoroughly trustworthy and entirely devoted to the interests of our
Padishah.
What We Suffered in the Indian Ocean
God is merciful! With a favorable wind we left the port of Guador and again steered for
Yemen. We had been at sea for several days, and had arrived nearly opposite to Zofar and
Shar, when suddenly from the west arose a great storm known as fil Tofani. We were
driven back, but were unable to set the sails, not even the trinquetla (stormsail).
The tempest raged with increasing fury. As compared to these awful tempests the foul
weather in the western seas is mere child's play, and their towering billows are as drops
of water compared to those of the Indian sea. Night and day were both alike, and because
of the frailty of our craft all ballast had to be thrown overboard. In this frightful
predicament our only consolation was our unwavering trust in the power of the Almighty.
For ten days the storm raged continuously and the rain came down in torrents. We never
once saw the blue sky.
I did all I could to encourage and cheer my companions, and advised them above all
things to be brave, and never to doubt but that all would end well. A welcome diversion
occurred in the appearance of a fish about the size of two galley lengths, or more
perhaps, which the pilot declared to be a good omen. The tide being very strong here and
the ebb slow, we had an opportunity of seeing many sea-monsters in the neighbor-hood of
the bay of Djugd, sea-horses, large sea-serpents, turtles in great quantities, and eels.
The color of the water suddenly changed to pure white, and at sight of it the pilot
broke forth into loud lamentations; he declared we were approaching whirlpools and eddies.
These are no myth here; it is generally believed that they are only found on the coasts of
Abyssinia and in the neighborhood of Sind in the bay of Djugd, and hardly ever a ship has
been known to escape their fury. So, at least, we are told in nautical books. We took
frequent soundings, and when we struck a depth of five Kuladj (arm-lengths) the
mizzen-sails (Orta Yelken) were set, the bowsprits. . . and . . .heeling over to the left
side, and flying the commander's flag, we drifted about all night and all day until at
last, in God's mercy, the water rose, the storm somewhat abated, and the ship veered right
round.
The next morning we slackened speed and drew in the sails. A stalwart cabin boy (or
sailor) was tied to the Djondu, whereby the post at the foot of the mizzenmast was
weighted down, and the sailrope slightly raised. Taking a survey of our surroundings we
caught sight of an idol-temple on the coast of Djamher. The sails were drawn in a little
more; we passed Formyan and Menglir, and directing our course toward Somenat, we passed by
that place also. Finally we came to Div, but for fear of the unbelievers which dwell there
we further drew in our sails and continued on our course with serderma.
Meanwhile, the wind had risen again, and as the men had no control over the rudder,
large handles had to be affixed with long double ropes fastened to them. Each rope was
taken hold of by four men, and so with great exertion they managed to control the rudder.
No one could keep on his feet on deck, so of course it was impossible to walk across. The
noise of the . . . and the . . . was deafening; we could not hear our own voices. The only
means of communication with the sailors was by inarticulate words, and neither captain nor
boatswain could for a single instant leave his post. The ammunition was secured in the
storeroom, and after cutting the . . . from the . . . we continued our way.
It was truly a terrible day, but at last we reached Gujarat in India, which part of it,
however, we knew not, when the pilot suddenly exclaimed: "On your guard! a whirlpool
in front!" Quickly the anchors were lowered, but the ship was dragged down with great
force and nearly submerged. The rowers had left their seats, the panic-stricken crew threw
off their clothes, and, clinging some to casks and some to jacks, had taken leave of one
another. I also stripped entirely, gave my slaves their liberty, and vowed to give 100
florins to the poor of Mecca. Presently one of the anchors broke from its crook and
another at the podjuz; two more were lost, the ship gave a terrible jerk---and in
another instant we were clear of the breakers. The pilot declared that had we been wrecked
off Fisht-Kidsur, a place between Diu and Daman; nothing could have saved us. Once more
the sails were set, and we decided to make for the infidel coast; but after duly taking
note of tide and current, and having made a careful study of the chart, I came to the
conclusion that we could not be very far off the mainland. I consulted the horoscope in
the Qur'an, and this also counseled patience. So we commenced to examine the hold of the
ship and found that the storeroom was submerged, in some places up to the walls, in some
places higher still. We had shipped much water, and all hands set to work at once to bale
it out. In one or two places the bottom had to be ripped up to find the outlet so as to
reduce the water.
Toward afternoon the weather had cleared a little, and we found ourselves about two
miles off the port of Daman, in Gujarat in India. The other ships had already arrived, but
some of the galleys were waterlogged not far from the shore, and they had thrown overboard
oars, boats, and casks, all of which wreckage eventually was borne ashore by the rapidly
rising tide. We were obliged to lie to for another five days and five nights, exposed to a
strong spring-tide, accompanied by floods of rain; for we were now in the Badzad,
or rainy season of India, and there was nothing for it but to submit to our fate. During
all this time we never once saw the sun by day, nor the stars by night; we could neither
use our clock nor our compass, and all on board anticipated the worst. It seems a miracle
that of the three ships lying there, thrown on their sides, the whole crew eventually got
safely to land.
What Happened in the Province of Gujarat
After five days, in God's mercy, the wind somewhat abated. All that was saved of the
wreckage, cannon and other armament we left with the Governor of Daman, Malik Esed, who,
since the time of Sultan Ahmed, the ruler of Gujarat, had held office there. In the harbor
were some Junk's, i.e., monsoon ships belonging to Samiri, the ruler of Calcutta.
The captains came on board our ship and assured us of the devotion of their chief to the
Padishah. They brought us a letter which said that Samiri was waging war day and night
against the Portuguese infidels, and that he was expecting the arrival of an Imperial feet
from Egypt under the guidance of the pilot Ali, which was to put the Portuguese to flight.
Melik Esed, the Governor, gave me to understand that the fleet of the infidels was on its
way, that it behooved us to avoid it and, if possible, to reach the fortress of Surat.
This news frightened the crew. Some of them immediately took service under Melik Esed, and
some went ashore in the boats and proceeded by land to Surat.
I remained on board with a few faithful of the men, and after procuring a Dindjuy, or
pilot-boat, for each vessel, we set out for the harbor of Surat. After great difficulties
we reached the open. Presently the Sutwal, Aga Hamsa, hailed us with a letter from
Umad-el-mulk, the Grand Vizier of Sultan Ahmed, who informed us that there were large
numbers of infidels about, and that Daman being a free port we had better be careful. He
would allow us to come to Surat if we liked, as we were now in most perilous waters. This
was exactly what we wanted to do, so we struggled on for five days longer, sailing at the
flow, riding at anchor at the ebb of the tide, until at last we reached the harbor of
Surat, fully three months after our departure from Basrah.
Great was the joy of the Mohammedans at Surat when they saw us come; they hailed us as
their deliverers, and said: "You have come to Gujarat in troublous times; never since
the days of Noah has there been a flood like unto this last, but neither is it within the
memory of man that a ship from Rum has landed on these coasts. We fervently hoped that God
in his mercy would soon send an Ottoman fleet to Gujarat, to save this land for the
Ottoman Empire and to deliver us from the Indian unbelievers."
The cause of the disturbances was this: After the death of Sultan Bahadur, the ruler of
Gujarat, one of his relatives, a youth of twelve years old, had succeeded to the throne.
The army had acknowledged him, but one of the nobles, Nasir-ul-Mulk, had refused to take
the oath of allegiance, and had raised the banner of sovereignty on his own behalf. He had
many adherents, took the stronghold of Burudj, left a sufficient garrison to keep it,
proceeded himself to another town, and then called in the aid of the Governor of the
Portuguese at Goa, promising that in return for his services the harbors on the coast of
Gujarat, viz., Daman, Surat, Burudj, Ketbaye, Sumenat, Minglur, and Furmeyan, should be
thrown open to the Portuguese, while he would retire to the land of the interior.
Sultan Ahmed had immediately collected an army to go to Burudj, and when informed of
our arrival he took from our troops 200 gunners and other men, and advanced toward Burudj.
On the third day we who were left behind were attacked by the infidel captains of Goa,
Diu, Shiyul, Besai, and the Provador; five in all, commanding 7 large galleons and 80
gurabs. We went ashore, pitched our tents, and threw up entrenchments; for two whole
months we were busy preparing for battle. But the tyrant Nasir-ul-Mulk, who had joined
with the infidels, had hired murderers to kill me; they were, however, discovered by the
guard and fled. Again another time he tried to poison my food, but, being warned by the
Sutwal of Surat, this attempt to take my life also failed. Meanwhile Sultan Ahmed had
taken the stronghold of Burudj and sent two of his officers, Ehudavend and Djihanghir,
with elephants and troops to Surat, while he proceeded to Ahmedabad, where a youth, called
Ahmed, a relation of Sultan Ahmed, had in the meantime raised a revolt. A battle followed,
in which the usurper was wounded, Hasan Ehan, one of his adherents, killed, and his army
put to fiight. Sultan Ahmed reascended his throne, and, as Nasir-ul-Mulk died of vexation
over his misfortunes, peace was once more restored in Gujarat.
When the infidels heard of this they sent an envoy to Ehudavend Ehan to say that they
did not mind so much about Surat, but that their hostility was chiefly directed toward the
Admiral of Egypt, viz., my humble person. They demanded that I should be given up to them,
but were refused; and my soldiers would have killed the envoy, but I reminded them that we
were on foreign soil and must commit no rash deeds. It so happened that a runaway infidel
gunner from one of my ships had enlisted on the ship of the envoy, and, knowing a good
deal about our affairs, he had undertaken to prevent our departure after the holiday of
Kurban. No sooner had this come to the knowledge of my men, than they attacked the envoy's
ship and captured the infidel, who was executed on the spot, greatly to the alarm of the
envoy.
There is in Gujarat a tree of the palm tribe, called tari agadji (millet-tree).
From its branches cups are suspended, and when the cut end of a branch is placed into one
of these vessels a sweet liquid, something of the nature of arrack, flows out in a
continuous stream; and this fluid, by exposure to the heat of the sun, presently changes
into a most wonderful wine. Therefore at the foot of all such trees drinking-booths have
been placed, which are a great attraction to the soldiers. Some of my men, having indulged
in the forbidden drink, determined to kill their Serdar. One of these profligates, Yagmur
by name, one evening after sunset surprised Hussain Aga, the Serdar of the Circassians. A
few comrades rushed to his assistance, there was some fighting and two young men were
wounded, and one, Hadji Memi, was killed. Then the soldiers pressed round, and implored me
to punish the evil-doers, but I again reminded them that we were on foreign soil, in the
land of a foreign Padishah, and that our laws had no force here. "What," they
cried, "the laws of our Padishah hold good everywhere. You are our Admiral, judge
according to our law, and we will be the executioners!" Thereupon I pronounced
judgment according to the law of the Qur'an, which says: "Eye for eye, life for life,
nose for nose, ear for ear," etc.
The man was executed, and peace restored. When the nobles of the Begs heard of the
occurrence they took the lesson to heart, and the envoy immediately hired a conveyance and
went to Sultan Ahmed. But my troops were getting dissatisfied. In Surat, Khudavend Khan
had been paying them from 50 to 60 paras per day, and in Burudj, Adil Khan had done the
same. At last their pent-up feelings burst forth and they argued as follows: "It is
now nearly two years since we have received any pay, our goods are lost, and the ships
dismantled; the hulks are old, and our return to Egypt is practically made
impossible." The end was that the greater part of them took service in Gujarat.
The deserted ships, with all their tools and implements, were given over to Khudavend
Khan, under condition that he should immediately remit to the Sublime Porte the price
agreed upon for the sale.
After receiving a confirmatory note t bhis effect, both from Khudavend Khan and Adil
Khan, I started on my journey to Ahmedabad in the beginning of Muharram of the year 962
(end of November 1552), accompanied by Mustafa Aga, the Ketkhuda (chief officer) of the
Egyptian Janissaries, and Ali Aga, the captain of the gunners (both of which had remained
faithful to their Padishah), and with about 50 men. A few days took us from Burudj to
Belodra, and from there we proceeded to Champanir.
On our way we saw some very curious trees, whose crowns reached up to the sky, and the
branches swarmed with bats of such extraordinary size that their wings on the stretch
measured 40 inches across. The most curious part about the trees, however, was that the
roots hung down from the branches and, when touching the ground, planted themselves and
produced new trees. Thus from one tree, from ten to twenty new ones sprung up. The name of
this tree is the Tobi tree, and more than a thousand people can find shelter under its
shade. Besides these we saw several Zokum trees. Parrots were very plentiful, and as for
the monkeys, thousands of them made their appearance in our camp every evening. They
carried their young in their arms, made the most ridiculous grimaces, and strongly brought
to our minds the stories of Djihan Shah, according to whom these animals live in a
community but acknowledge no head among them. At nightfall they always retired to their
own place.
After a great many vicissitudes we at last arrived in Mahmudabad, and after a journey
of 50 days in Ahmedabad the capital of Gujarat. There I visited the Sultan, his Grand
Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk, and other dignitaries. The Sultan, to whom I presented my
credentials, was pleased to receive me most graciously and he assured me of his devotion
to our glorious Padishah. He gave me a horse, a team of camels, and money for the journey.
At Cherkes, in the vicinity of Ahmedabad, is the grave of Sheik Ahmed Magrebi, which I
visited. One day, being at the house of Imad-ul-Mulk, I met the infidel envoy, and our
host addressed him in this way, "We have need of the Sultan of Turkey. Our ships
touch the ports of his Empire, and if we were not free to do so, it would be bad for us.
Moreover, he is the Padishah of the Islamitic world, and it is not seemly that we should
be expected to deliver up his Admiral to you." I became very angry at this speech and
cried: "Hold, thou cursed tongue! Thou found me with a shattered fleet, but I swear
by God Almighty thou shalt see ere long not only Ormuz, but Goa itself, yield before the
victorious arms of the great Padishah! To which the unbeliever made the following answer:
"Henceforth not so much as a bird will be able to leave the ports of India." I
replied: "One need not necessarily go by water, there is a land route also." He
was silent after that, and the subject was dropped.
A few days after this Sultan Ahmed offered me the command of the Province of Burudj,
with a very large income, but I refused, saying that I would not stay if he gave me the
whole of the land. One night in my dream I saw the Khalifa Murteza Ali. I had a piece of
paper before me with Ali's seal upon it. With this seal, the seal of God to help me, away
with all fear, for in its strength all foreign waters were mine to command. Next morning I
told my dream to my companions and all were glad with me. I asked for permission to
depart, and the ruler granted my request out of respect for our Padishah.
Amongst the learned of this land of Banians there is a tribe which they call the
"Bats," whose business it is to escort merchants or travelers from one land into
another, and for a very small renumeration they guarantee their perfect safety. Should the
Rajputs, i.e., the mounted troops of the land, attack the caravan, the Bats point their
daggers at their own breast, and threaten to kill themselves if they should presume to do
the slightest harm to the travelers entrusted to their care. And out of respect for the
Bats, the Rajputs generally desist from their evil purpose, and the travelers proceed on
their way unmolested. Occasionally, however, the Bats carry out their threat, otherwise it
would have no force. But if such a thing does happen, if a caravan is attacked and the
suicide of the Bats becomes necessary, this is considered a terrible calamity, and the
superstition of the people demands that the offenders be put to death, and not only the
offenders themselves but the chief of the Rajputs deems it necessary to kill their sons
and daughters also; in fact, to exterminate the whole of their race. The Mohammedans of
Ahmedabad had given us two such Bats as an escort, and so, about the middle of Safar of
the said year, we started on our overland journey to Turkey.
In five days we reached Patna, traveling in carriages, and visited the grave of Sheik
Nizam the Pir (spiritual chief) of Patna. Here Shir Khan and his brother Musa Khan had
collected an army, to fight Behluj Khan, the ruler of Radanpoor. For fear of our siding
with their enemies, the people tried to retain us, and would not allow us to proceed on
our journey until the battle should be over. We showed them, however, that we had not come
to render either party any assistance, but that we only wanted to continue our journey in
peace, and had a pass from their ruler to that effect. Then at last they let us go, and
after five days we came to Radanpoor, where I was presented to Mahmud Khan, but he treated
me very rudely, and insisted on forcibly detaining three of my companions before he would
consent to our departure. On the way we met some friendly Rajputs; their Beg was of great
service to us, and gave me a letter of protection (free pass). The camels were hired, and
after dismissing the Bats which the people of Ahmedabad had sent with us, we continued our
journey.
What Befell Us In The Province Of Sind
Leaving on the first of Rebiul-Evvel we came, after a ten days' journey, to Parkar, a
town of the Rajputs. Here we were surprised by the infidels, but thanks to the letter of
protection and a few presents, we were let free; quite anticipating further dangers,
however, we were on our guard when next day a band of hostile Rajputs commenced a free
fight with us. Immediately I ordered all the camels to be let down on their knees so as to
form a ring round us, and then the firing began on all sides. The infidels, not prepared
for this, sent us word that "they had not come to fight, but to exact the passage
money," to which I made reply: "We are not merchants and carry nothing but
medicines and Mohurs on which we have already paid duty; but if there be anything
further to pay we are quite prepared to do so." This had the desired effect; they let
us pass, and for about ten days we wandered through deserts and sandy places, until we
reached Wanga, the frontier town of Sind. Here we hired fresh camels, and in five days we
came to Djoona and Baghi-Feth. The throne of Sind was then occupied by Shah Husein Mirza.
He had reigned for 40 years, but during the last 5 years he had become invalided and
unable to mount his horse, so now he only went about on board his ship in the river Sihun
[Indus].
At that time Isa Terkhan, the commander of the capital of Sind, called Tata, had put to
death a number of able officers belonging to Shah Husein, after which he had captured the
treasure, stored in the fortress of Nasrabad, and divided it amongst his men, and then
proclaimed himself as Humayun Shah [It says literally that he had this title inserted in
the Friday-prayers and ordered the Nakara to be played]. Thereupon Shah Husein had
nominated his adopted brother Sultan Mahmud as commander of the land troops, and he
himself with 400 ships had set out against the rebels. Hearing of my arrival he received
me with great honor. It was then the beginning of the month of Rabia-al-Sani. He gave me
festive apparel and conferred upon us the title of a God-sent army; he offered me, besides
all this, the governorship of Bender-Lahuri or Duyuli-Sindi. Of course I refused this
offer, but when I requested permission to continue my journey I was given to understand
that I should not be allowed to do so until after the successful termination of the
campaign. He also wrote a letter to our glorious Padishah, explaining matters; in a word
he did not rest until he had quite cleared us from being mixed up in this war with Isa
Khan. The Mohammedans pleaded in vain that our arms could bring no evil upon them for,
said they, "Are we not all of one nation, and are not many of our sons and brethren
in the rebel army?" And this was perfectly true. I had an interview with Sheik Abdul
Vahab and received his blessing; I also visited the graves of the Sheiks Djemali and Miri.
The campaign lasted a month, earthworks were thrown up and cannon raised thereon, but
as Tata lies on an island and their shot did not reach so far, the fortress could not be
taken. Nevertheless there was great loss of life on both sides. At last a compromise was
decided upon. Mir Isa relinquished his adherence to Humayun Padishah, returned to his
allegiance to Husein Mirza, and sent his son Mir Salih with presents of submission. On the
other hand, Husein Mirza gave the remainder of the treasure, which Mir Isa had divided
amongst his troops, to Mir Salih. Isa was reinstated in his former rank, and Mirza sent
him a formal acceptance of his allegiance by the hand of the Vizier Molla Yari. He also
sent him a Nakara by Tugbeghi, the chief standard-bearer, and released from prison the ten
rebels from the tribes of Argun and Tarkhan, which had sided with Mir Isa, from his side,
had sent back the wife of Husein Shah, called Hadji Begum, and in the first days of
Djemadi-ul-evvel, Sultan Mahmud returned by land, and Shah Husein by water, to the city of
Bakar. On the tenth day after his wife had rejoined him, Shah Husein died, and it was
supposed that she had poisoned him.
Directly after his father's death, Sultan Mahmud divided the property in three parts.
One part was for the wife of the deceased, and another part he sent to Mir Isa by a
Khodja. The body was taken to Tata; he lent me one of his own ships, and providing himself
with horses, camels, and other necessaries, returned by land to Bakar. While the body of
Mirza, with his wife and an escort of 50 ships, was on its way to Tata, the soldiers
attacked the remaining vessels and plundered them. The sailors took flight, and we, the
passengers, were compelled to take command of the ships. Beset on all sides by the
Djagatais (Central Asians), we relinquished our firearms, and barely escaped with our
lives. At last, after struggling for ten days against the stream, we made our way to
Nasirpur. This town had been plundered by the Rajah, i.e., the Bey of the Rajputs.
We were greeted with the news that Mir Isa, with 10,000 valiant soldiers, was pursuing
Sultan Mahmud, and that his son, Mir Salih, with 80 ships, was close behind us. This was
very perplexing but I decided at once to turn back. We prayed long together, and then
started on our return to Tata.
Three days later we passed Mir Salih in the river. I went on board his ship with a few
small presents, and he asked me where we were going. I said, "We are going to your
father," whereupon he told me to go back with him. I said, "We have no sailors
on board," so he gave me fifteen of his crew; and thus compelled to turn back, we had
another weary ten days to get through. One day I chanced upon Mir Isa in a small town of
Sind. Here I also found the former partisans of the late Mirza, who were tired of fighting
and desired peace. Isa received me with great honor, forgave me the past, and allowed me
to remain a few days, saying that he intended shortly to send his son Mir Salih to Humayun
Padishah, and that I might as well travel under his escort, for, he added, "Sultan
Mahmud will never allow thee to pass Bakar; he is a son of Ferrukh Mirza and wants to
become Padishah." This proposal, however, did not suit me, and I insisted upon
continuing my journey forthwith, suggesting that he should give us back the ships lately
taken from us, and also to send a messenger in advance, for with Allah's help he, Sultan
Mahmud, would probably have to submit to the Padishah (Humayun), and thus peace be
restored. Isa agreed to this, and gave me seven ships with their complement of sailors. He
wrote to the Padishah to assure him of his unalterable loyalty, and so we went on our way.
We were struck with the enormous size of the crocodiles sporting in the river, as also
with the numbers of tigers on the banks. It was necessary to keep up a perpetual warfare
with the people of Semtche and Matchi, through whose territory our course lay, and thus we
reached Siyawan, and shortly after we came to Bukkur by the way of Patri and Dible. Here I
fell in with Sultan Mahmud and his Vizier Molla Yari. I offered a small gift to the
former, who thereupon expressed his willingness to submit himself to Humayun, and also to
make peace with Mir Isa.
I composed a chronogram on the death of Husein Mirza and presented Sultan Mahmud with
two gazels, after which I requested permission to continue my journey. This was granted,
but as the route past Kandahar was made unsafe by the inroads of Sultan Bahadur, a son of
Sultan Haidar, the Ozbeg, and as the season of the Semum (hot winds) had now commenced,
the Sultan offered to give me an escort by the way of Lahore, warning me to be on my guard
against the Djats, a hostile tribe which had its abode there. But whichever route I chose
I should have to wait a while yet, and as a matter of fact I waited for a whole month. One
night in my dream I saw my mother, who told me that she had seen her highness Fatima in a
dream, and had learned from her the glad news, that I should soon be coming home, safe and
sound.
When next morning I told this dream to my companions they were full of good courage.
Sultan Mahmud, when he heard of it, at once consented to my departure. He gave me a
beautiful horse, a team of camels, a large and a small tent, and money for the journey. He
also provided me with a letter of recommendation to Humayun, and an escort of 250 mounted
camel-drivers, from Sind. Thus we departed about the middle of Shaaban, and reached the
fortress of May in five days, traveling by the way of Sultanpoor. As the Djats were very
troublesome, we did not take the route of Djenghelistan (the forest), but preferred to go
through the steppe. On the second day we came to the spring, but found no water, and many
of my companions nearly succumbed with heat and thirst. I gave them some Terwak (opium),
of the very best quality, and on the second day they were recovered. After this experience
we deemed it advisable to leave the desert and to return to Mav, for the proverb says
truly, "A stranger is an ignorant man." In the steppe we saw ants as large as
sparrows.
Our escort from Sind was afraid of the wood, and I had to inspire my own people with
fresh courage. I placed 10 gunners in front, 10 in the center, and 10 in the rear of our
caravan, and thus, trusting in God's protection, we commenced the journey. The people from
Sind also took courage after this, and went with us. Thus, after manifold dangers, we came
after ten days to Utchi, or Autchi, where I visited Sheik Ibrahim and received his
blessing. I also made a pilgrimage to the graves of the Sheiks Djemali and Djelali. In the
beginning of Ramazan we resumed our journey and came to the river Kara, or Kere, which we
crossed by means of a raft. The people of Sind gave us permission to proceed as far as the
Machvara, and this river was crossed by boats. On the other side we found 500 Djats
awaiting us, but our firearms frightened them and they did not attack. We advanced
unmolested, and reached the town of Multan on the fifteenth of Ramazan.
My Experiences In Hindustan
In Multan I only visited the graves of the Sheiks Baha eddin Zekeria, Rukneddin, and
Sadreddin. I received a blessing from Sheik Mohammed Radjva, and, after receiving
permission to continue my journey from Sultan Mirmiram Mirza Hasan, we proceeded toward
Lahore. In Sadkere I visited Sheik Hamid, received his blessing, and in the first days of
the Month Shawwal we came to Lahore. The political state of the country was as follows:
After the death of Selim Shah a son of Shir Khan, the former Sovereign of Hindustan,
Iskender Khan, had come to the throne. When the Padishah Humayun heard this he immediately
left Kabul and marched his army to India, took Lahore, and fought Iskender Khan near
Sahrand. He won the battle and took 400 elephants, besides several cannon and 400
chariots. Iskender Khan escaped to the fortress of DJankut, and Humayun sent Shah
Abul-Maali with a detachment of soldiers after him. Humayun himself proceeded to his
residence at Delhi and dispatched his officers to different places. The Ozbeg, Iskender
Khan, he sent to Agra, and others to Firuh shah Senbel, Bayana, and Karwitch. War raged on
all sides, and when I arrived at Lahore the Governor, Mirza Shah, would not let me
continue my journey until I had seen the Padishah (Humayun). After sending the latter word
of my arrival, he received orders to send me forthwith to Delhi. Meanwhile a whole month
had been wasted, but finally we were sent off with an escort. The river Sultanpoor was
crossed in boats and after a journey of 20 days we arrived, toward the end of Dulkaada, by
the route of Firuzshah in the capital of India, called Delhi.
As soon as Humayun heard of our arrival he sent the Khanikhanan and other superior
officers with 400 elephants and some thousand men to meet us, and, out of respect and
regard for our glorious Padishah, we were accorded a brilliant reception. That same day
the Khanikhanan prepared a great banquet in our honor; and as it is the custom in India to
give audience in the evening, I was that night introduced with much pomp and ceremony into
the Imperial hall. After my presentation I offered the Emperor a small gift, and a
chronogram upon the conquest of India, also two gazels, all of which pleased the Padishah
greatly. Forthwith I begged for permission to continue my journey, but this was not
granted. Instead of that I was offered a Kulur and the governorship over the
district of Kharcha. I refused, and again begged to be allowed to go, but for only answer
I was told that I must at least remain for one year, to which I replied: "By special
command of my glorious Padishah I went by sea to fight the miserable unbelievers. Caught
in a terrible hurricane, I was wrecked off the coast of India; but it is now my plain duty
to return to render an account to my Padishah, and it is to be hoped that Gujarat will
soon be delivered out of the hands of the unbelievers." Upon this Humayun suggested
the sending of an envoy to Constantinople, to save my going, but this I could not agree
to, for it would give the impression that I had purposely arranged it so. I persisted in
my entreaties, and he finally consented, adding, however: "We are now close upon the
three months of continuous Birshegal, (i.e., the rainy season). The roads are
flooded and impassable, remain therefore till the weather improves. Meanwhile calculate
solar and lunar eclipses, their degree of latitude, and their exact date in the calendar.
Assist our astrologers in studying the course of the sun, and instruct us concerning the
points of the equator. When all this is done, and the weather should improve before the
three months are over, then thou shalt go hence."
All this was said solemnly and decisively. I had no alternative, but must submit to my
fate. I took no rest, however, but labored on night and day. At last I had accomplished
the astronomical observations, and about the same time Agra fell into the hands of the
Padishah. I immediately wrote a chronogram for the occasion, which found much favor. One
day, during an audience, the conversation turned upon Sultan Mahmud of Bukkur, and I
suggested that some official contract (Ahdnameh, i.e., "agreement")
should be made with him, to which Humayun agreed. The document was drawn up, and the
Emperor dipping his fist in saffron pressed it upon the paper, this being the Tughra, or Imperial signature. Thereupon the document was sent to Sultan Mahmud. The Sultan was
much pleased, and both he and his Vizier Molla Yari expressed their thanks for my
intervention in a private letter, which I showed to his Majesty, who had entrusted me with
the transaction.
This incident furnished the material for a gazel, with which the Sovereign was so
delighted that he called me a second Mir Ali Shir. I modestly declined the epithet, saying
that it would be presumption on my part to accept such praise, that, on the contrary, I
should consider myself fully rewarded to be allowed to gather up the gleanings after him.
Whereupon the Sovereign remarked: "If for one more year thou perfectest thyself in
this kind of poetry thou wilt altogether supplant Mir Ali Shir in the affections of the
people of the Djagatais." In a word, Humayun loaded me with marks of his favor. One
day I was talking to Khoshhal, the Imperial archer, and the Sovereign's special confidant;
a superb youth. He used to take part in the poetical discussions, and provided me with
material for two gazels, which soon became popular all over India and were in everybody's
mouth. The same good fortune attended my acquaintance with the Afetabedji, Abdurrahman
Bey, a courtier who also rejoiced in the confidence and affection of the monarch, and was
his constant companion in private life. He also entered the poetical contest, and I
composed two gazels upon him.
In a word, poetical discussions were the order of the day, and I was constantly in the
presence of the Emperor. One day he asked me whether Turkey was larger than India, and I
said: "If by Turkey your Majesty means Rum proper, i.e., the province of Siwas, then
India is decidedly the larger, but if by Turkey you mean all the lands subject to the
ruler of Rum, India is not by a tenth part as large." "I mean the entire
Empire," replied Humayun." Then, "I said," it appears to me, your
Majesty, that the seven regions over which Iskender (i.e., Alexander the Great) had
dominion, were identical with the present Empire of the Padishah of Turkey. History
records the life and the reign of Iskender, but it is not reasonable to suppose that he
actually visited and personally ruled these seven regions, for the inhabited world (the
fourth part of the present inhabited world) is 180 degrees longitude and from the equator
about 60 degrees latitude. Its area, according to astronomical calculations, covers
1,668,670 fersakhes. It is therefore an utter impossibility for any man to visit
and govern all these lands in person. Perhaps he only owned a portion of each of these
regions (Iklim), in the same way as the Padishah of Turkey does." "But has the
ruler of Turkey possessions in all these regions?" asked Humayun. "Yes,
certainly," I replied, "the first is Yemen, the second Mecca, the third Egypt,
the fourth Aleppo, the fifth Constantinople, the sixth Saffa, and the seventh Ofen and
Vienna. In each of these regions the Padishah of Turkey appoints his Beglerbeg and Qadi,
who rule and govern in his name. Moreover, I was told in Gujarat, by the merchants Khodja
Bashi and Kara Hasan (God alone knows whether their story is true), that when the Turkish
merchants in China desired to insert the name of their Sovereign in the Bairam prayers on
Bairamday, they brought the request before the Khakan of China, stating that their
Sovereign was Padishah of Mecca, Medina, and the Kibla (Direction of the prayer), and
therefore entitled to have his name inserted in the Bairam prayers. The Khakan, although
an unbeliever, had insight enough to see the justice of their request, which he granted
forthwith; he even went sofar as to clothe the Khatib in a robe of honor and to make him
ride on an elephant through the city. Ever since that time the name of the Padishah of
Turkey has been included in the Bairam prayers, and to whom, I ask, has such honor ever
before been vouchsafed?" The Sovereign (Humayun), turning to his nobles, said:
"Surely the only man worthy to bear the title of Padishah is the ruler of Turkey, he
alone and no one else in all the world."
Another time we were talking about the Khan of the Crimea, and I remarked that he also
held his office under the Padishah of Turkey. "But," said Humayun, "if that
be so, how, then, has he the right of the Khutbe?" "It is a well-known
fact," I replied, "that my Padishah alone has the power to grant the right of Khutbe and of coinage." This statement seemed to satisfy everybody and we prayed together
for the welfare of my Sovereign.
One day the Emperor planned a little excursion on horseback to visit the graves of the
holy Sheiks of Lahore, and I accompanied him. We visited the graves of Shah Kut-beddin,
the Pir of Delhi, of Sheik Nizam Weli, Sheik Ferid Shekr-Ghendj, Mir Khosru Dehlevi, and
Mir Husein Dehlevi. When the conversation turned upon the poetical works of Mir Khosru I
quoted some of his best poems, and under their influence I conceived a most telling
distich. I turned to the Emperor, saying, "It would be presumption on my part to
measure my powers against those of Mir Khosru, but he has inspired me, and I would fain
recite my couplet before your Majesty." "Let us hear it," said Humayun, and
I recited the following:
"Truly great is only he who can be content with his daily bread.
For happier is he than all the kings of the earth."
"By God," cried the monarch, "this is truly sublime!" It is not so
much my object here to make mention of my poetic effusions, but rather to show up
Humayun's appreciation of poetry.
On another occasion I called upon Shahin Bey, the keeper of the Imperial Seal, and
asked him to use his influence to obtain permission for me to depart. In order not to come
empty-handed I brought him two gazels, and begged him urgently to intercede for me. Shahin
Bey promised to do his best, and one day he actually brought me the glad news that my
petition had been granted, but that I was expected to offer my request formally in verse.
The rainy season was now at an end; I wrote to the monarch, enclosing two gazels, which
had the desired effect, for I received not only permission to leave, but also presents and
letters of safe conduct.
All was ready for the start. Humayun had given audience on Friday evening, when, upon
leaving his castle of pleasure, the Muezzin announced the Ezan just as he was descending
the staircase. It was his wont, wherever he heard the summons, to bow the knee in holy
reverence. He did so now, but unfortunately fell down several steps, and received great
injuries to his head and arm. Truly the proverb rightly says, "There is no guarding
against fate." Everything was confusion in the palace, but for two days they kept the
matter secret. It was announced to the outer world that the Sovereign was in good health,
and alms were distributed amongst the poor. On the third day, however, that was on the
Monday, he died of his wounds. Well may the Qur'an say, "We come from God and to him
do we return."
His son Djelaleddin Akbar was at the time away on a journey to visit Shah Ebul Maali,
accompanied by the Khanikhanan. He was immediately informed of the sad event. Meanwhile
the Khans and Sultans were in the greatest consternation; they did not know how to act. I
tried to encourage them and told them how at the death of Sultan Selim the situation was
saved by the wisdom of Piri Pasha, who managed to prevent the news of his death from being
noised abroad. I suggested that, by taking similar measures, they might keep the
Sovereign's death a secret until the Prince should return. This advice was followed. The
divan (council of State) met as usual, the nobles were summoned, and a
public announcement was made that the Emperor intended to visit his country-seat, and
would go there on horseback. Soon after, however, it was announced that on account of the
unfavorable weather the trip had to be abandoned. On the next day a public audience was
announced, but as the astrologers did not prophesy favorably for it, this also had to be
given up. All this, however, somewhat alarmed the army, and on the Tuesday it was thought
advisable to give them a sight of their monarch. A man called Molla Bi, who bore a
striking resemblance to the late Emperor, only somewhat slighter of stature, was arrayed
in the imperial robes and placed on a throne specially erected for the purpose in the
large entrance hall. His face and eyes were veiled. The Chamberlain Khoshhal Bey stood
behind, and the first Secretary in front of him, while many officers and dignitaries, as
well as the people from the riverside, on seeing their Sovereign, made joyful obeisance to
the sound of festive music. The physicians were handsomely rewarded, and the recovery of
the monarch was universally credited.
I took leave of all the grandees, and with the news of the Emperor's recovery I reached
Lahore about the middle of the month Rebiul Evvel. This was on a Thursday. Traveling by
the way of Sani-Pata, Pani-Pata, Kirnat, and Tani Sera, I came to Samani, where I
communicated the news to the Governor that the Padishah (Humayun) was giving audiences,
and that he was in good health. From there I went by the road of Sahrandi to Matchuvara
and Bachuvara, and crossing the Sultanpoor by boat I returned to Lahore by a forced march.
Meanwhile Prince Djelaleddin Akbar had ascended the throne, and in Lahore and many other
places his name was inserted in the Friday prayers. Mirza Shah, the Governor of Lahore,
however, would not permit me to leave, for he professed to have received orders from the
new Emperor that no one was to be allowed to go to Kabul and Kandahar. The only way
therefore was to go back to the Emperor (Akbar), and accordingly I went as far as Kelnor,
where I met Djelaleddin Akbar and the Khanikhanan just opposite the fortress of Mankit.
I was informed through Molla Pir Mehemmed, the Khodja of Bairam Khan, that during the
interregnum I should remain where I was, and that in a short time he would appoint me to
some post either in Hind or Sind, whichever I preferred. I hastened to produce my ferman,
given to me by the late Padishah, presenting him at the same time with a chronogram on the
death of his father. My verses pleased the Mirza and, after examining the ferman of
his father, he gave me leave to continue my journey, stipulating, however, that I should
travel in company with the four Begs, which he was about to send with troops to Kabul.
Ebul Maali, who meanwhile had been taken prisoner, was confined in the castle of
Lahore. In return for my chronogram I received a lakh for traveling expenses, and began to
prepare for my journey with the four Begs. Amongst the many strange and wonderful things I
saw in India I must make mention of a few. The unbelievers are called in Gujarat
"Banian," and in India "Hindu." They do not belong to the Ehli-Kitab,
and believe in fate (kadem-i-alem). When a man dies his body is burned by the
riverside. If the deceased leaves a wife past child-bearing she is not burned; if,
however, she is not past that age she is unconditionally burned. If a wife of her own free
will offers herself to be burned, the relations celebrate the occasion with great
rejoicings. Should the Mohammedans interfere and forcibly prevent the self-sacrifice, fate
decrees that their king must die, and no other be raised. For this reason, officers of the
Padishah are always present on such occasions, to prevent any act of violence.
Another curious custom is the use of tame gazelles in hunting A noose is lightly thrown
over their antlers, and then they are driven to mix with the wild gazelles. Like seeks
like, and the latter soon make up to their tame companions, bringing their heads in close
proximity to those of the others. The noose which is round the antlers of the tame animal
falls over the head of the other and pulls it down.
The more it struggles the more it gets entangled, and cannot possibly escape. This
method is in use all over India.
Buffaloes are very plentiful in the steppes. They are hunted with elephants. Turrets
are placed on the elephant's back, in which several men are hidden. Thus they traverse the
plain, and as soon as the elephant comes up with the buffalo he attacks him with his teeth
and holds him till the hunters get off his back and capture him. Wild oxen (Gaukutas)
are hunted in a similar manner, but they are much stronger than other animals of their
kind, and their tongue is supposed to have such force that they can kill a man with it.
The Emperor Humayun once told me a story to the effect that one of these wild oxen, having
overtaken a man, flayed him with his tongue from head to foot. The Emperor vouched for the
truth of this story with an oath. The best kutas are found in the land of Bahr-itch,
perhaps that accounts for their being called Bahri-Kutas (which means sea-kutas), although
they belong unquestionably to the terrestrial animals. I might go on enumerating many more
interesting and curious things to be seen in India, but it would keep me too long.
About the middle of Rebiul Evvel we left for Kabul. We crossed the River Lahore in
ships, and came presently to another large stream, which had to be crossed. Finding no
ships at hand, we built a raft of barrels and chairs and so managed to reach the other
side. Next we came to Bahara, where another river had to be crossed, this time in ships.
When I told the Governor (Khodja) of this place what Akbar had commanded, he exclaimed,
"God be merciful! As the Padishah was dead we have not collected the taxes, the
people still owe them. I will send round, collect the moneys and hand them over to
you." Mir Babu's and the other Begs who were of the company consulted together and
decided that as Shah Abul Maali had escaped from his prison in Lahore, and might possibly
have taken refuge with his brother Kihmerd Bey in Kabul, it would not be safe for them to
delay, but they suggested that I should wait till the tribute-money was collected, and
follow them as soon as I could.
But I argued that the roads were unsafe and dangerous and that it would be much better
to keep all together. I acted on the principle that "The contented mind shall be
satisfied and the covetous man shall be humbled." So I relinquished my claim upon the
tribute-money and continued my journey with the others. After crossing the rivers Khoshab
and Nilab in ships, I set foot upon the shore of Bakhtar.
Our Experience In Bakhtar-Zemin (Kabulistan)
In the beginning of the month Djemaziul-Evvel we left the river Nilab and turned toward
Kabul. For fear of the Afghans under Adam Khan, we made a quick march through the night,
and at daybreak we arrived at the foot of the mountain. So far the Afghans had not seen
us, but by the time we had reached the top there were thousands of them gathered together.
We seized our guns, and with God's help managed to get out of their way, and came to the
town of Pershuer, i.e., Peshawar. Soon after, we crossed the Khyber Pass, and reached
Djushai. In the mountains we saw two rhinoceroses (gerkedans) each the size of a
elephant; they have a horn on their nose about two inches long. In Abyssinia these animals
are much more plentiful.
Presently we reached Laghman, and after a very toilsome journey through Hezareland, we
entered Kabulistan and its capital Kabul. Here I visited the two sons of Humayun,
Meheenmed Hekim Mirza and Ferrukh Fal Mirza; I also saw Mun'im Khan, and, after presenting
the ferman from Humayun, I was treated with much honor. Kabul itself is a beautiful city,
surrounded by mountains covered with snow, and pleasure-gardens with running brooks.
Pleasure and merriment prevailed everywhere, feasting and banqueting were the order of the
day. In every corner were gaily dressed, slender Lulis enticing one with music and
song to join the merry crowd; the populace, in fact, seemed to have no thought for
anything but for pleasure and enjoyment. "Who would long for houris and the Paradise
whose good fortune has brought him amongst the Lulis of Kabul?"
We, however, had no time for such frivolities, our only aim and object was to reach
home as soon as possible. Mun'im Khan remarked that the roads were snowed up, that the
Hindu Kush could not possibly be passed, and that it would be far better for us to wait a
few days in Kabul; but I quickly replied that men could overcome mountains, if they had
the mind to do so. Thereupon the Governor commanded Mir Nezri, the Chief of the Ferashi
and Peshai, to accompany me, and his men were to conduct our horses and goods safely
across the mountain pass. We left accordingly in the beginning of Djemazi ul Evvel and
came to Karabag, and from there to Tcharikar and Pervane or Mervan. This was Nezri's
native country. He collected his men, and they took us across to the other side of the
mountain. It was a very difficult passage, but we accomplished it that day, and spent the
night in a village at the foot of the pass.
The Condition of Badakhshan and Khatlan
Early in the month of Redjeb we came to the city of Anderab, and journeyed from there
through Badakhshan to Talikan, where I had an interview with Suleiman Shah and his son
Ibrahim Mirza. On the day of our arrival the Mirza had met us, and received me in his
pleasure-garden; I offered him some presents and a gazel. The Mirza, who understood
poetry, entered into a poetical competition with me, and introduced me next day to his
father, to whom I also offered gifts and a gazel. The Sovereign also showed me much
attention and loaded me with signs of his favor. There was hostility between Pir Mohammed
Khan, the ruler of Balkh, and Borak Khan, the ruler of Transoxania, and the roads were
made unsafe, the more so as Pir Mohammed's younger brother had raised a revolt in Kunduz,
Kavadian, and Termed, which districts were now in great tumult. They advised me therefore
to travel by the way of Badakhshan and Khatlan, and both Suleiman and his son presented me
with horses and garments of honor, besides giving me a letter of recommendation to
Djihanghir Ali, the ruler of Khatlan, who had married his younger sister; and so I
journeyed to Kishm, the capital of Badakhshan. I saw the Sovereign's pleasure-garden, and
Humayun's garden Duabe, and proceeded from Kalai Zafar to Rustak, and from there to Bender
Semti. I approached Dalli, in Khatlan, from the Kashgar (eastern) side, and made a
pilgrimage to the grave of Seid Ali Hamadani, and from there I went to Kulaba, where I met
with Djihanghir Ali Khan, and after presenting my letter of recommendation he gave me an
escort of 50 men to conduct me to Charsui, where I crossed the Pul-i-Senghin (stone
bridge), and dismissed the men who had escorted us.
Events in Turan
On the day that I crossed the bridge I first set foot on Transoxanian soil. After a
day's rest I proceeded to Bazar No (New-Market), and from there to a little place called
Tchiharshembe, where I visited the grave of the Khodja Yaakub Tcharkhi. Then on to
Tchaganian, s.e., Hissar-i-Shadman. I visited Timur Sultan, the Kagalga of the Ozbeg
rulers, and passed Mount Senghirdek, where it always rains and a considerable stream is
formed at the foot of the mountain, and I marveled at the wonderful works of God. The next
station was Sehri-Sebz, i.e., Kesh, where I met Hashim Sultan, who gave me permission to
continue my journey to Samarkand. With great difficulty we got across the mountain
situated between the two last-named places; we touched the little town of Mazar, and in
the beginning of Shaaban we reached Samarkand, which is a perfect paradise. Here I saw
Borak Khan (more correctly called Noruz Ahmed), who, in return for my humble offerings,
gave me a horse and garments of honor. It was this same Borak Khan to whom his Majesty the
Padishah had sent cannon and guns by the hand of Sheiks Abdullatif and Dadash. At the time
of my arrival Abdullatif Khan, the ruler of Samarkand, was dead, and Borak had taken his
place. Pir Mohammed Khan, in Balkh, and Burhan Seid Khan, in Bokhara, declared their
independence, and Borak's first business was to settle this matter. He began by taking
Samarkand and proceeded to Shehri-Sebz, where a great battle was fought, in which the
Ketkhuda (overseer) of the Osman soldiers fell. He then took the stronghold and marched to
Bokhara, which place he laid siege to. Seid Burhan, the ruler of Bokhara, made peace with
Borak, relinquished the place to him, and retired to Karakul, where the brother of Pir
Mohammed Khan then reigned. He, however, gave up the place to Seid Burhan. When Borak Khan
entered Samarkand, the Aga of the Osmans had just started with few men on their way to
Turkey, having taken the way of Tashkend and Turkestan. Ahmed Tchaush was also on the
point of returning to Turkey by the way of Bokhara and Kharezm, for part of the
Janissaries had enlisted under Seid Burhan, and the remainder joined his son. About 150
remained faithful to Borak Khan. When he had communicated all this to me, he added:
"I am now as a liar before his Majesty the Sultan of Turkey, for I can do nothing,
but if thou wilt help me, something may yet be done." He offered me the government of
a Province, but I said that with such a small army nothing could be done, moreover that,
without the consent of my Padishah, I could not stir in the matter. He thereupon proposed
to send an envoy to the Sublime Porte to explain the situation. As a matter of fact he had
already decided to send Sadr Alem, a descendant of Khodja Ahmed Jesewi, and gave him a
letter, in which he expressed his willingness in the future to satisfy every wish of the
Sultan. He discharged me, however. During my stay in Samarkand I made a pilgrimage to the
grave of the prophet Daniel, to the place of the Khidr (Elias), to the cloak and to the
wooden shoes of the Prophet, and also to the Qur'an, written by Ali himself. Besides these
places I visited the graves of the following sheiks and sages: the author of Hidayet, Ebu
Mansur Matridi; Shah-Zinde, Khodja Abdullah, Khodja Abdi-birun, Khodja Abdi-derum, the
Tchopanata, and the Kazizade of Rum, and the grave of the 444,000 Transoxanian sages.
But to return to Borak Khan. One day, while talking to gether, he asked me which of all
the cities I had visited pleased me most. I replied with the following stanza:
"Far from home no one longs for Paradise.
For in his eyes his native town is superior even to Baghdad."
"Thou hast spoken well," said the Khan.
Now as regards the embassage to Constantinople, Sadr Alem proposed to go by Turkestan,
but when he was told that the Nogai tribe of the Mangit committed violence upon travelers,
and that the roads swarmed with robbers and highwaymen, who gave no quarter to Muslims,
but plundered and ill-treated any that came in their way, he decided to travel through
Bokhara. Unfortunately, just then the news came that Seid Burhan had again declared war
with Borak Khan, and that the latter's son Sharezm Shah had been attacked. Borak Khan
advised me thereupon to remain at Ghidjduvan until the return of the envoy. If no
hostilities took place we might travel by that way, but otherwise we were to wait until he
sent some one to conduct us safely through Bokhara. To this I agreed. On the fifth of
Ramazan we started, touched Kala and Kermineh, crossed the river of Samarkand at Duabe,
and so arrived at Ghidjduvan, where I visited the grave of Khodja Abdul Khalik.
As the Mirza was not here, and no news concerning him could be obtained, we went on to
Pul Rabat. Meanwhile the troops of Prince Kharezm Shah had prepared for battle. Suddenly
Khan Ali Bey, the Prince's tutor, accosted us with the question whither we were going.
When I replied: "To Bokhara," he said: "Seid Burhan, the ruler of Bokhara,
threatens to attack Prince Kharezm Shah, and we pray thee to help us." "How
now!" I cried, "we help no man; Borak Khan has not requested us to do so; on the
contrary, he has charged us to go to Ghidjduvan, and there to await the return of the
envoy." So we continued on our way. As we approached Minar (Spire) about 100 redcoats
(Ala tehapan) rushed down upon us, crying: "In the name of the Mirza, turn
back," and at the same time they struck one of my companions. Immediately we prepared
to fight, when a Seid sprang forward and commanded the Ozbegs to stop. Both sides held
back, and the Seid announced that the Mirza sent us greeting and desired us not to proceed
any farther, but to look on from a distance. So we were compelled to turn back. With ten
of my companions I had an interview with the Mirza, who renewed his request that we should
help him; but I refused again, whereupon ten guns were forcibly taken from us and we were
commanded to remain mere spectators. The Prince's bearing was very haughty before he had
sighted the enemy, for as the proverb says: "Our own fist is always of iron, Until
we receive the first box on the ear."
But no sooner had Seid Burhan appeared in sight, from the opposite direction, than the
Prince retreated across the bridge to the Rabat (Karvanserai). I went on with six
companions, which I left behind me in the court of the kiosk. Seid Burhan advanced with
1,000 Kizil-Ayaks, i.e., young men from Bokhara, and 40 Turkish archers, therefore well
equipped for war. In a moment he defeated the Prince, who being wounded by a bullet, took
flight, leaving his colors, musical and other military instruments behind him on the
battle-field. Of my three companions which fled with the Prince, one was wounded by a
lance and died soon after, and while the others retreated with the Ozbegs into the Rabat
where they were attacked by Seid Burhan, I went on to meet the army to inquire after the
Mirza, leaving my horse in charge of two men. I heard that he was quartered close to the
Rabat, and asked to be conducted into his presence, and just as I was crossing the bridge,
attended by a few men, some villain wounded me with an arrow. This was the signal for a
general attack; swords were raised on all sides, and I was very near losing my life.
Fortunately the attack had been witnessed by the Osmans serving under the Khan; they
had recognized me and came to my rescue, calling out: "This man is the guest of our
Prince, what then is the meaning of this?" The Ozbeghi (commander of 10 men)
immediately stopped the attack and apprized the Khan of what had taken place, whereupon
the latter, a glorious youth, hastened to me, embraced me, and begged my forgiveness, for
it was by accident, he said, that I had become mixed up in the battle and I had been
attacked on the principle of the proverb which says: Wet and dry burn together. He
commissioned two officers to conduct us over the bridge, during which transport two more
of my people were attacked and received sword wounds. I lost on this occasion a beautiful
led-horse, all my cooking apparatus, one pack-horse, and 10 saddle-horses, which were
stolen by the soldiers. With much difficulty I got across the bridge, and, while I was
resting at a little distance, the Khan, to please me, ordered the Turkish soldiers
stationed in the Rabat to hand the place over to me, as we were innocent and free from all
reproach. As I approached the place I called out: "Stop fighting; I am here, and the
Khan will pardon you for my sake." Thus the Rabat fell into my hands and with it some
of the lost horses, but many of the firearms were irrevocably lost. My two men, who had
been taken prisoner in the fight, had escaped, and so we proceeded to the town, which we
reached that night. Seid Burhan spoke thus to me: "Be thou my guide in this and in
the next world; this land shall henceforth belong to thy Padishah, thou shalt rule in
Bokhara and I will retire to Karakol." "Not so," was my reply, "if
thou gave me the whole land of Transoxania I could not stay here. Know, O Khan! that I
shall report before the Sublime Porte the injustice which has been done to thee, and my
glorious Padishah will be gracious unto thee, and possibly the government of these
provinces will be entrusted to thy care." These words pleased the Khan; he gave a
banquet in my honor and showed me much kindness, and during the fortnight which I spent in
Bokhara he visited me every day in the pleasure-garden which served as my residence. I
composed a gazel in his honor, which highly delighted him and led to many poetical
discussions. When at last I desired permission to continue my journey, he demanded of me
that I should give him our iron guns in exchange for his brass ones. He pressed me so hard
that I was compelled to give in, and received 40 brass muskets in return for all the iron
ones which we had left. I also had to exchange my led-horse for a gelding, besides giving
him two precious books. Meanwhile the envoy from Borak Khan had arrived, who apologized to
me for his son (Kharezm Shah), and made peace with Seid Burhan through the mediation of
the Ghidjduvani Abdul Sultan. Thus peace and security were once more restored.
I delayed in Bokhara to make pilgrimages to the graves of Bahaeddin Nakishbendi, Kazi
Khan, Tchar Bekir, Khodja Ebn Hifz Kebir, Sadr esh Sheriat, Tadj esh Sheriat, Seid Mir
Kelal (the spiritual head of Baha-eddin), Sultan Ismail the Samanide, Eyub and Sarakhsi,
and after that I journeyed to Kharezm. Our way led first to Karakol, then to Farab, where
we crossed the Oxus in ships, and early in the month Shavval I touched Iranian soil,
namely Khorassan. The first town I stopped at was Tchardjui, where I visited the grave of
Khodja Meshed, a brother of Imam Ali Musa. Then we took the road through the wilderness to
Kharezm. By day and by night we had to wage war against lions; it was not safe for one man
to go alone to draw water; but at last, after ten days of unutterable weariness, we
reached Hezaresp, and from there in five days, Khiva, where I visited the grave of
Pehlevan Mahmud Pir.
Our Experiences in Kharezm and Deshti-Kipchak
Toward the end of Shavval we left Khiva, and in five days we came to Kharezm, where I
made the acquaintance of Dost Mohammed Khan and his brother Esh-Sultan. I visited the
graves of Sheik Nedjmeddin liubera, Sheik Ali Rametin, Sheik Khalweti Yan, Imam Mohammed
Bari'i, Sahib Euduri, Djar Ullah Ulama, Molla Husein Kharezmi (the expounder of the
Koran), Seid Ata, and Hekim Ata. When it was brought to my knowledge that the holy Sheik
Abdullatif had died in the city of Vezir, I could not rest until I had made a pilgrimage
to his grave in company with a few friends. As this saint had been, moreover, my spiritual
adviser in Sufism, I recited the whole Qur'an over his grave, to insure for him
everlasting peace and bliss in Paradise. We also cooked a pilaf (a rice dish) and I
prepared a chronogram in commemoration of his death.
Having received letters of commendation to the Manghit chiefs, from Hadji Mohammed
Sultan, Timur Sultan, and Mahmud Sultan, the three sons of Agatai Khan, I returned to
Kharezm, where Sheik Sadr Alem, the envoy of Borak Khan, had meanwhile also arrived. Our
party consisted besides ourselves of the wife of Sheik Husein of Kharezm (daughter of
Makhdum Aazam), the Sheik's son, and a few Muslims; we traveled in carriages. Most of the
company wore clothes of sheepskin and they wanted us to do the same, for they said, the
Manghit are worse even than the Ozbegs, and when they see strangers they invariably take
them for Russians, which is synonymous to saying, they attack them. Thus we were compelled
to don the outlandish garb (sheepskin), for, as I said to encourage my people: "A
wise man follows the ways of the world and makes no trouble of it."
Thus equipped we started in the first days of Zilkaada. For more than a month we
wandered about in the Deshti Kipohak (Kirghiz steppe). It was late in the autumn, and at
that time of the year not a bird, not a wild ass (Onager) can be seen, for there is not a
vestige of verdure, not a drop of water to be found. It was one interminable wilderness;
one desert steppe. At last we came to a place called Sham, and shortly after to Saraidjik,
where we met some Hadjis and three of the Moslems which had been discharged at Samarkand.
These latter were quite naked, and at sight of us they cried: "Whither go ye?
Astrakhan is taken by the Russians, Ahmed Tchaush has fought in battle with them, and our
Aga has been plundered by the troops of Arslan Mirza. The way is blocked, be warned and go
back." In vain I quoted the lines: "We are but poor beggars, what harm can
befall us? For ten armed men can not rob one who has nothing." The rest of the
company, especially the merchants, were not of my opinion; they proposed to delay a few
days in Kharezm and await events, for: "Speed is from the devil and patience is
from God."
The envoy and the other Moslems were of the same mind, and so I reluctantly retraced my
steps to Kharezm. The envoy returned to Samarkand, but all the rest remained in Kharezm,
and when Dost Mohammed Khan, the ruler of Khiva, inquired of me by which route I now
proposed to travel, I replied, "I will go by the way of Meshhed in Khorassan to Iraq
Adjemi, and from there to Baghdad."
Thereupon the Khan said: "Remain here with us. In the spring the Manghits seek
their pastures, possibly the Russians may also quit the land by that time, and, remember,
the way to Baghdad is long." But I could not agree to this, and in support of my
argument I quoted the proverb: To the lover Baghdad is not far distant; so at last
the Khan had to give in. He agreed to my departure, gave me a beautiful horse, and to my
companions he gave the carriage in which we had traveled up to here.
As regards our route my first plan was to travel by the way of the Caspian Sea and
Shirvan, but my companions did not like this, because the Muslim army which had lately
broken up from Kaffa had become involved in a bloody war with Abdullah Khan, who would not
permit any Turks to pass that way. Next we made inquiries about the roads of Circassia,
past Demir-Kapu, but we heard that the Circassians had raised a revolt. There remained
therefore only the way of Khorassan and Iraq, and concerning these districts we learned
that the Persian King was in perfect harmony with our glorious Padishah, but that the Bey
of Kizilbash (the Shiite officer) would probably prevent us from obtaining admittance to
the Shah. I thought to myself, "Where God does not slay, man's attempts are but
futile"; moreover, "they who fear death should not venture on travels"; so
after duly consulting the horoscope, and having made quite sure that there was no other
way open to us, I decided to travel through Persia. The camels were hired and all was
ready; I went to take leave of Dost Mohammed, the ruler of Khiva, who remarked casually
that it was quite impossible for us to travel with firearms through the enemy's land.
Thereupon we gave half of our arms to the Khan, and the other half to his younger brother
Esh Sultan. We received a letter of commendation to Ali Sultan, a brother of Tin Sultan,
and being well stocked with provisions and large skins for water, and trusting in God, we
started on our journey to Kharezm in the beginning of the month Zilhidje.
Our Fate In Khorassan
By divine grace we got safely across the Oxus and encamped on the opposite shore,
awaiting the arrival of the rest of our party. While there, the wife of Sheik Husein sent
me a message to say that she had a dream in which she had seen her father, the holy
Makhdum Aazam, who had come from Vezir to Kharezm in company with another holy sage.
Arrived in the town he had thus addressed the people, who welcomed him joyfully: "Mir
Sidi Ali has read the Qur'an over my grave in Vezir, and he has supplicated for my
patronage. I have therefore come to help him and to lead him safely through
Khorassan." This message filled me with joy. I struck camp next morning and the day
following we arrived in Dorum; we passed through, unmolested by Mahmud Sultan, and
proceeded to Bagwai, which place we also passed, without being hindered by Pulad Sultan,
and came to Nesa.
Here I found Ali Sultan, former Governor of Merv, and brother of Tin Sultan, to whom I
offered my letter of commendation from Esh Sultan, and was allowed free passage, for
everybody in these parts is devoted to his Majesty our Padishah. Thus we came to Bawerd
(Abiwerd) and Tus, where I visited the graves of Imam Mohammed Hanifi and of the poet
Firdusi; and on the first of Muharram of the year 964 I reached Meshhed-i-Khorassan, where
I immediately made a pilgrimage to the grave of Imam Ali Musa Riza, the prince of
Khorassan.
When at sea, during the great storm some time ago, I had vowed to give a Tumen to the Imam; now I fulfilled my vow, and paid a Tumen to Mutawali (the overseer of the
Mosque and Mausoleum) and I also paid a Tumen to the Seid. In Meshhed I found Ibrahim
Mirza, the son of Behram Mirza, who occupied the throne there; also Suleiman Mirza, the
son of Shah, and his Vekil (representative) called Kokche Khalipha, who entertained me at
a banquet. In the course of our conversation, these gentlemen naturally wished to draw me
into an argument upon the succession and sanctity of the Caliphs Ali, Ebubekr, Omar, and
Osman; but I acted upon the principle that silence is the best answer to give a fool, and
I was silent. They pressed me, however, and I told them the story of Khodja Nasreddin, who
was once asked to read the Qur'an in the Mosque, to which he had replied, "This is
not the place." "And now," I said, "I have not come hither to argue
with you, and I refuse to be questioned." It was with great difficulty that I at last
rid myself of them.
One of the guests, unfortunately, was a miscreant, of the name of Ghazi Bey; he gave
vent to his wrath in these words: "It is not seemly to send such people as these to
the Shah. How do we know that they may not kill the men we give them as an escort, and
then take flight? Very possibly they belong to the Ottomans that were sent to Borak Khan,
or perhaps they are the bearers of a secret correspondence, and it might be advisable to
search them." The Mirza (Ibrahim) approved of this plan, and the next morning 200 men
in armor (kurdji) surrounded the kerran, seras and took us prisoners. As the proverb says "Those
who can not be caught by fair means will be by foul play."
We were each of us put in charge of one of the guards; I was taken to the apartment of
the Kokche Khalipha, with my two attendants. My horses were given in another man's charge,
and my other effects were entrusted to Mutawali's keeping They made us undress, and as it
was winter we suffered much from the cold. The next day the Mirza took from me all my
official papers and sundry letters which I had received from different princes, and had
them all put into a bag and sealed.
When my companions saw this they trembled for their lives, but I comforted them with
the sayings, "He who falls through no mistake of his will not shed tears," and
"Since fate has not forgotten to bring thee into this world, it will not forget to
take thee out of it," and further, "Patience is the key to the final goal."
So we calmly resigned ourselves to our fate. A little later on all were put in chains,
except myself; but I was strictly guarded by five men. This action of the Mirza troubled
me not a little, and although I tried to make light of it, my heart was very heavy. I
wrote a gazel to comfort myself, and with the inspiring thoughts suggested by it fresh in
mind, I fell asleep, and being in a semi-conscious state, a divine inspiration in the form
of a Murabba was vouchsafed to me, which I sent to Mutawali. This composition
caused great excitement among the nobility of the place. About the same time one of the
attendants of the Imam declared (whether it was true or feigned I can not say) that in his
dream he had seen the Caliph Ali, who had charged him to go and set Mir Sidi Ali free. The
news of this dream spread rapidly through the town and stirred up the people, whose
sympathies were now all turned in my favor.
Mutawali and Seid went to the Mirza and said: "This man came on a pilgrimage to
visit the shrine of the Imam. He is under a vow and desires to go to the Shah. As the Shah
is on friendly terms with the Padishah of Turkey it is not right that we should in any way
trouble this pilgrim now in the Ashura days. If the man be a traitor, it is sure to come
to light, for as the Qur'an says, >A traitor is known by his countenance,' and there
need be no further question of suspicion." These words of the wise man and of Seid
did not lose their effect upon the Mirza. From my side I pointed out to him the
unreliableness of the information upon which he had acted, and in order further to enlist
his sympathies in my favor I sent him three poems, after which, partly for fear of the
Shah, and partly regretting his rash deed, he gave us our liberty on the tenth of Ashura.
He loaded me with presents and gave another banquet in my honor. He also restored to us
our horses and our clothes; but many of my other possessions I never recovered. Four
valuable books were taken, and the whole of my correspondence was conveyed by his
armour-bearer, Ali Bey, and a Yassaul to the Shah in a sealed bag, the transport being
effected on a barrow about the middle of Muharram of the said year. Traveling in the same
caravan with us was one of the wives of the Shah and one of the wives of Behram Mirza, who
were both returning from a pilgrimage to the shrine of the Imam. I made their
acquaintance, and they treated us kindly. By my advice my companions comported themselves
with due courtesy and modesty toward the retinue of these ladies, mindful of the saying:
"The peace of two worlds depends on two things only, courtesy to friends and flattery
to foes."
Arrived in Nishabur I visited the graves of Imazzade Mohammed Mahruk, and of Sheik
Attar (ferideddin). Here I also met with Aga Kemal, the Vekil of Khorassan, who,
however, did not interfere with us. In Sebzevar we met with a little hostility, but acting
on the principle that "Barking dogs bite not," we soon got free from these
firebrands and continued on our way.
Our Vicissitudes in Iraq-Adjem
Arrived in the Province of Iraq we skirted the Demavend range, traveling from Mazendran
to Bestam, where we visited the graves of Mohammed Aftah, Sheik Bayazid Bestami, and Sheik
Ebulhasan Harkani. The next day we reached Damgan. That night one of our company called
Ramazan the pious, and known as Boluk Bashi, had a dream. Bayazid Bestami with 40
Dervishes had appeared unto him and had spoken thus: "Let us pray for the safe return
of Mir Sidi Ali." The Sheik, moreover, had written a passport and sealed it,
"that we might not be molested by the way." This was his dream, and when I heard
of it I rejoiced greatly and thanked God for his mercy vouchsafed; for this message (from
the dead) virtually saved my life. After visiting the grave of Imam Djafar in Damgan, we
proceeded to Semnan, where we visited the grave of Sheik Ala-ed-Dowleh Semnani. In this
place they tried to draw us into sectarian controversies, but I restrained my comrades,
and reminded them of the Hadis, which says: "Ustur zafibak, zahabek in
mazhabak," i.e., "hide thy gold, thine opinions, and thy faith"; and I
argued with them, saying, "Not one of you has traveled more than I have, and
experience has made me wise. A wise man does not heed the words of the vulgar and the
ignorant." They saw the wisdom of my words, and acted upon my advice.
Before long we came to Rei, where I made pilgrimages to the graves of Imam Abdul Azim,
and of Bibi Shehrbanu, the consort of Imam Husein. Here I also met Mohammed Shudabend, a
son of the Shah's, and the Kurdji-bashi Sevindek Aga. Their presence was accounted for in
this way: Some time ago the Shah had sent Ismail Mirza from Kazvin to Herat, and had now
recalled him to Kazvin. The reason of this was that certain things which had happened
during his rule had come to light, and by command of the Shah one of the nobles of Kazvin
had been executed, and in like manner, also by order of the Shah, some followers of Ismail
had been put to death. After this the Shah commanded Prince Mohammed Khudabend to appear
before him, and the Kurdji-bashz was sent to fetch him. I was very pleased to meet the
Prince, who assured me of the unwavering devotion of the Shah to our glorious Padishah.
Journeying from Rei it took us a month and a half (to the end of Safar) before we
reached Kazvin, the capital of Iraq. Upon the Shah being told of our arrival we were none
of us allowed to enter the city, but had to take up our quarters in Sebzeghiran, one of
the neighboring villages, under the protection of Mohammed Bey, the Divan Bey of the Great
Vizier Maasum Bey. Presently the Ishik Agasi arrived, who took down our names, and the
number of our horses, and gave his people private instructions to watch us strictly at
night, until further orders.
We were told that the Shah was very angry that we had been allowed to leave Meshhed
without any further inquiry, and that in consequence of this Kokche Khalipha and Mir
Munshi (first secretary) had been deprived of office. Following up this information, the
Kapohadji, Ali Bey, came to us by order of Yassaul Pir Ali, and said: "The people
here have evil intentions, if you have any ready money about you, give it to me to keep,
and if Providence deliver you out of this plight, I will return it; if on the other hand
evil should befall you it is better that your riches should fall in the hands of friends
than of foes." But I replied: "People who have wandered so long in foreign parts
carry no cash about them, and they who fear death do not venture so far from home. I
believe in the words of the Koran: >He who is appointed to die cannot delay the hour,
and without God's permission no man can slay.'"
It so happened that the Shah had by this time examined the letters which had been
conveyed to him in a sealed bag, and the ladies who had traveled with us bore witness that
we were poor and harmless folk. Moreover, I had sent the Shah a quatrain which had found
much favor, so he set us free. The Shah commanded his Vekil, Maasum Bey, to offer me a
banquet, after which he would himself entertain me. Maasum Bey was also commissioned to
give me the glad news, that I was free to go where I liked, and, as an envoy was shortly
to be sent to the Sublime Porte, I might, if I liked, travel by the way of Azerbaidjan,
i.e., by Tebriz and Van. Thereupon I requested that my desire might be made known to the
Shah. I said, "We are not prepared to meet the hardships of the Van road in the
winter time, and we beg to be allowed to travel by the way of Baghdad"; which request
he graciously granted.
On the second day we were invited by the Shah to a banquet, and I presented my humble
offerings. During the feast we conversed upon poetical and other subjects, and the Shah
remarked to his courtiers: "These men do not look like intriguers; they are only
pilgrims and religious fanatics" --- and on the strength of this verdict Kokche
Khalipha and Mir Munshi were reinstated in their office. I received a horse and two
changes of robes, a bale of silk, and several other things; the two Serdars received each
two robes of honor, and my five traveling companions, each one. Altogether the Shah
behaved handsomely to us and showed a marked respect for the person of his Majesty the
Padishah.
One day I was invited to a banquet in the large music-hall, all the Beys of the royal
family being present. To give some idea of the magnificence here displayed I will only
mention that from five hundred to one thousand Tumens had been spent on the decoration of
the hall. There were some hundreds of velvet and silken brocaded carpets, painted and
embroidered in figurative designs; quantities of luxurious cushions and exquisitely
artistic tents, canopies, and sun-shades.
Yuzbashi Hasan Bey, one of the Shah's confidants, turned to me and said: "Is not
this indeed a treasure-house?" "It is," I replied, "yet the wealth of
kings is not measured by their gold and silver but by their military power." This
remark silenced him; he did not return to the subject. As the envoy had already started
for Tebriz I was detained for another month, during which time the Shah showed me much
attention, and I spent a good deal of my time in his presence. One day he ventured the
remark: "Why were those 300 Janissaries sent from Turkey to assist Borak Khan?"
I answered that these had not been sent to strengthen Borak Khan's forces, but merely as
an escort to the late Sheik Abdullatif, because it was a well-known fact that the
Circassians had killed Baba Sheik, a son of the holy Ahmed Jesewi, on the road from
Astrakhan, and that that route was therefore made unsafe. If the Padishah had intended to
send military help, not three hundred, but some thousands of Janissaries, would have gone
to Bokhara.
Another time I was drawn into a religious dispute with Mir Ibrahim Sefevi, one of the
Shah's relatives and a sage. The conversation ran as follows:
Ibrahim: "Why do the learned men of Turkey call us unbelievers?"
Sidi: "It is said that the followers of the Prophet have been insulted by your
countrymen, and according to the statutes of our religion he who insults his superiors is
an unbeliever."
Ibrahim: "That is what Imam Aazam (Ebn Hanifa) says, but according to Imam
Shafi this belongs to the pardonable offenses."
Sidi: "I understand that it is customary with you to accuse Ayesha, the wife
of the Prophet (may God have mercy upon her), of immorality, and as this throws a stigma
on the Prophet's name, it is synonymous to blasphemy. The people who can do this are in a
state of apostasy, and their life is forfeited. Their goods can be confiscated and their
men put in prison. Any one persisting in this unbelief is subject to imprisonment, but if
they renounce they may, without their wives, with or without marriage...."
Ibrahim: "I must contradict this. In our eyes also, any one who accuses Ayesha
of immorality is an unbeliever and a blasphemer and contradicts the Qur'an; because in the
Sacred Book God Almighty testifies to the virtue of Ayesha. But all the same we cannot
love her because she set herself against Ali."
Sidi: "How do you explain it that although the Hadis declares that the Ulemas
are on a level with the prophets of the people of Israel, it nevertheless frequently
happens that offensive language is used against the former?"
Ibrahim: "Does the name Ulema not include our Ulemas also?"
Sidi: "In a facetious way it includes all Ulemas, but beyond this it is a
well-known fact that it is said of them: >The flesh of the Ulema is poisonous, their
odor is sickening, and to eat them is death'; and if in spite of this men will insult
them, they must pay the penalty both in this world and in the next."
To this he could make no reply, and I turned the conversation into another channel.
The Shah once said to me, "Tell me, since thou hast traveled so much, which of the
cities thou hast visited pleases thee best." And I replied: "I have indeed seen
most of the cities of this world, but I have found none to compare with Stamboul and
Galata." The Shah allowed this to pass, and continued: "At how many Tumens dost
thou estimate the combined income of the Beys and Beylerbeys of Turkey?" to which I
replied: "The Beys and Beylerbeys of Turkey receive payment according to their rank,
but they enjoy besides this generally a private income. Other princes remunerate their
officers in proportion to the pay of the regiment which they command, but if the pay of
the Beys and other officers in the service of the Emperor of Turkey were to be based upon
this foundation, it would run not into Tumens, nor yet Lakhs, but into Kulqurs. To give
you an example: The payments made to the Beylerbeys of Rumelia, Anatolia, Egypt, Hungary
(Budin, i.e., Ofen), Diarbekir, Baghdad, Yemen, and Algiers, are, each in themselves, as
much as any other prince would lay out on the whole of his army. This proportion holds
good for all the other Beylerbeys also, and is in strict accordance with the superior
standing of our government. Quite a different system is adopted for the troops under Khans
and Sultans, for there is always an element of uncertainty there; but in Turkey the army
belongs to the Padishah. All Beylerbeys and officers are his servants, and an Imperial
command is law and can not be trifled with."
On this same occasion some of the officers asked whether the documents which had been
taken from me by Ibrahim Mirza in Meshhed had ever been placed before the Shah. This
question was answered in the affirmative, but I did not like to pursue the subject,
mindful of the saying: "When evil slumbers, cursed be he who arouses it"---and I
turned the conversation into another channel.
I preferred to plead my cause with another gazel, which the Shah graciously accepted,
and which finally led to the desired result. We received permission to leave. He wrote a
letter expressive of his unalterable respect and devotion to his Majesty the Padishah,
gave me more presents, and commanded Wazr Bey, a brother of Yuzbashi Hasan Bey, to
accompany me on the journey. While in Kazvin I made a pilgrimage to the grave of Imam
Shahzade Husein, and in the beginning of Rebiul Evvel I started on my journey to Baghdad.
Near to Sultani, we passed Abhar, and I stopped to visit the grave of Pir Hasan, the
son of Akhi Avran, then on to Kirkan, where I visited the grave of Mohammed Demtiz, a son
of Khodja Ahmed Jesewi, and from there to Derghezin and Hamadan, in which latter place the
graves of Ain-ul-Kuzat and Pir Ebulalay, the armor-bearers of the Prophet, were visited.
At Saadabad, our next station, I was met by the governor, who treated me with marked
attention.
Then we took our way by Mount Elvend and Nihavend (in Suristan) to Bisutun, where I
visited the grave of Kiazim, and in the village Weis-ul-karn, the grave of the saint of
that name. We then proceeded to Kasri-Shirin and through, Kurdistan to the fortress
Zendjir. While there we were much interested in watching a Hurruz bird high up in the sky.
This is supposed to be a good omen, and we were therefore well pleased. Some enlarged upon
the good fortune presaged by his appearance, others spoke of the curious properties of the
bird, of whom Sa'di sings:"The Huma is distinguished from all other birds, In that he
lives on bones, yet is not a bird of prey."
It is a known fact that this bird feeds exclusively on bones. The legend says that the
Huma, before demolishing a bone, carries it up high in the air, and then drops it, with
the result that it breaks into many pieces. He then swoops down upon these, divides them
into equal portions, and devours them.
This is the origin of the saying, when Persian officials, through extortion, obtain
more than they can well digest: "They should follow the example of the Huma bird and
divide their spoils into smaller, equal portions."
Here, at Zendjir, I dismissed Nazr Bey, whom the Shah had given me as an escort, and
after crossing the great river Tokuz Olum we came to Ban (or Sheri Ban). Toward the end of
the same month of Rebiul Sani we reached Baghdad, where we were most hospitably received
by Khizr Pasha. We did not delay, however, but hurried on to Turkey.
The Rest Of Our Adventures
In the beginning of Djemazi-ul Evvel we crossed the Tigris in ships, and after
revisiting the sacred graves there we journeyed on. Past Kasri, Semke, and Harbi we came
to Tekrit and Mosul, and by the old road of Mosul and Djizre to Wisibin. From there by
Diarbekir and Mardin we reached Amed, where I saw Iskender Pasha, who received me most
graciously. In the course of conversation I told him some of our adventures, to which he
listened with much interest, and exclaimed: "You have gone through more than even
Tamum Dari has done, and as for all the marvelous things which you have seen, they are
beyond the dreams of even Balkiah and Djihan Shah."
Questioned upon the different sovereigns and armies of the countries I had visited, I
said: "In all the world there is no country like Turkey, no sovereign like our
Padishah, and no army like the Turkish. From East to West the fame of the Ottoman troops
has spread. For victory follows their banner wherever they go. May God keep Turkey in
wealth and prosperity until the last day shall dawn. May he preserve our Padishah in
health and happiness and our troops ever victorious. Amen!"
When asked whether our name was known in those remote parts, I answered.
"Certainly, more than you would think." In the further course of conversation I
learned that a report of my death had reached the Porte, and that therefore the post of
Egyptian Admiral had been given to Kurdzade, the
Sandjak-bey of Rhodus. I thought to myself: "Long live my Padishah, I shall easily
obtain another office"; and I comforted myself with poetic effusions. Of course I
trusted in God Almighty, nevertheless I was always thinking about the conquest of Ormuz
and Gujarat, and I argued thus to
myself: "These fantastic dreams have so filled thy brain, that thou art being
drawn down to the earth by them; the spirit of wandering is so strong in thee that thou
canst not give thy body rest until it shall return to dust."
I resumed my journey to Turkey, in the hope soon to set eyes again on Constantinople.
Arrived in Arghini I visited the grave of the prophet Zilkefi; from there by Kharput to
Malatia and the grave of Seid Ghazi Sultan, a native of that place, and shortly after I
reached Siwas, the first station on Turkish territory. Ali Pasha received me there with
marked distinction; I delayed a short time to visit the grave of Abdul Wahab Ghazi, and to
call upon Ali Baba, who gave me his blessing.
After this I continued my journey to Stamboul, across the plain of Ken to Eara Hissar
Behram Shah, and through Bozauk to Hadji Bektash, where I made pilgrimages to the graves
of the saints of that place, and to Balam Sultan; then on to Kirshehr and the graves of
Hadji Avran and Aashik Pasha, past Ayas Varsak to Angora, crossing the Kizil Irmak (Halys)
by the bridge of Chashneghir. I visited the grave of Hadji Bairam Sultan and his children,
and the Rhidr, and had a friendly interview with Djenabi Pasha. From Beybazari we came to
Boli, touched Modurn, and on to Kunik, where is the grave of Sheik Shemseddin; next we
came to Tarakli Yenidje and Keive, with the bridge over the Sakaria river, past
Agadj-Deniz, on to Sabandja and Iznikmid and the grave of Nebi Khodja. From there our way
led past Ghekivize and Skutari, where I crossed the Bosphorus, and reached Constantinople
in safety.
God be praised, who led me safely through manifold dangers, and brought me back to this
most beautiful country of all the earth. Four years have passed away; years of much sorrow
and misery, of many privations and perplexities; but now in this year 964 (1556), in the
beginning of Redjeb, I have once more returned to my own people, my relations, and my
friends. Glory and praise be to God the Giver of all good things!
His Majesty the Padishah happened to be at Adrianople, and on the second day after my
return I traveled thither, to pay him homage. I had the good fortune to be most graciously
received by his Imperial Majesty. The high Viziers, and especially Vizier Rustem Pasha,
loaded me with kindnesses. I was appointed to join the Corps of the Muteferrika (officers
in attendance on the Sultan) with a daily income of sixty aktche. And the Ketkhuda
(intendant), who had accompanied me on my travels, had his salary increased with eight
aktche, and was appointed Muteferrika for Egypt. One of the Boluk-Bashi (Chef d'Escadron)
received eight aktche and my other traveling companions each six aktche above their
ordinary pay. One of these latter was nominated to the post of Egyptian Tchaush, and the
others joined the volunteers. They received their pay for the four years they had been
away, payment being made out of the Egyptian treasury.
Toward the end of Rajab his Majesty the Sultan returned to Constantinople, and on the
day that he entered the Konak of Tchataldja I was appointed Defterdar of Diarbekir. Thus
in his gracious kindness his Majesty had pleased and satisfied us all.
He who wishes to profit by this narrative let him remember that not in vain aspirations
after greatness, but in a quiet and contented mind lieth the secret of the true strength
which perisheth not. But if in God's providence he should be driven from home, and forced
to wander forth in the unknown, and perchance be caught in the turbulent waves of the sea
of adversity, let him still always keep in mind that love for one's native land is next to
one's faith. Let him never cease to long for the day that he shall see his native shores
again, and always cling loyally to his Padishah. He who doeth this shall not perish
abroad; God will grant him his desire both in this world and in the next, and he shall
rejoice in the esteem and affection of his fellow-countrymen.
I completed this narrative in Galata in the month Shaaban of the year 964 (1556), and
the transcript of it was accomplished in the month Safar of the year 965 (1557).
Source.
From: Charles F. Horne, ed., The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East,
(New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia, pp.
329-395.
Scanned by Jerome S. Arkenberg, Cal. State Fullerton.
This text is part of the Internet
Medieval Source Book. The Sourcebook is a collection of public domain and
copy-permitted texts related to medieval and Byzantine history.
Unless otherwise indicated the specific electronic form of the document is copyright.
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© Paul Halsall, September 1998
