Source: Based on Carlo M. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution, Third Edition subtitled "European Society and Economy 1000-1700" ( Norton, 1994), p. 4
From the now defunct Medieval Technology site. The site was maintained by Dr. Paul J. Gans (1933-2021). The author is Paul J. Gans. In addition any included original images and the specific electronic form and design of this material are copyright (©) Paul J. Gans, 1997-2002. Dr. Gans, a friend of mine, notes "Permission is granted by the copyright owners to copy the text and to print out copies for personal or educational use provided that the copyright owners are mentioned as such and all included attributions, including the author's name, are retained. No permission is granted for commercial use of any of this material without the express written consent of the copyright owners." I believe resuing his material from the defunt site would be pleasing to him in his efforts to make electronic materials available for teaching..
This text is part of the Internet Medieval Sourcebook. The Sourcebook is a collection
of public domain and copy-permitted texts related to medieval and Byzantine history.
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© Paul Halsall, February 2023
ihsp@Fordham.edu
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© Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 26 October 2026 [CV]
