Gesta Francorum
Circa 1100-1101, an anonymous writer connected with Bohemund
of Antioch wrote the Gesta francorum et aliorum Hierosolymytanorum (The Deeds of the Franks) This text was used by the later writers
as a source.
Selections:
See also:
Rosalind M. Hill, ed. and trans., Gesta francorum et aliorum
Hierosolymitanorum: The Deeds of the Franks (London: 1962),
[Latin text with English translation.]
1. Urban II: Speech at Clermont
When now that time was at hand which the Lord Jesus daily points
out to His faithful, especially in the Gospel, saying, "If
any man would come after me, let him deny himself and take up
his cross and follow me," a mighty agitation was carried
on throughout all the region of Gaul. (Its tenor was) that if
anyone desired to follow the Lord zealously, with a pure heart
and mind, and wished faithfully to bear the cross after Him, he
would no longer hesitate to take up the way to the Holy Sepulchre.
And so Urban, Pope of the Roman see, with his archbishops, bishops,
abbots, and priests, set out as quickly as possible beyond the
mountains and began to deliver sermons and to preach eloquently,
saying: "Whoever wishes to save his soul should not hesitate
humbly to take up the way of the Lord, and if he lacks sufficient
money, divine mercy will give him enough." Then the apostolic
lord continued, "Brethren, we ought to endure much suffering
for the name of Christ - misery, poverty, nakedness, persecution,
want, illness, hunger, thirst, and other (ills) of this kind,
just as the Lord saith to His disciples: 'Ye must suffer much
in My name,' and 'Be not ashamed to confess Me before the faces
of men; verily I will give you mouth and wisdom,' and finally,
'Great is your reward in Heaven."' And when this speech had
already begun to be noised abroad, little by little, through all
the regions and countries of Gaul, the Franks, upon hearing such
reports, forthwith caused crosses to be sewed on their right shoulders,
saying that they followed with one accord the footsteps of Christ,
by which they had been redeemed from the hand of hell.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 28-30.
2. The End of the Popular Crusade
But the abovementioned Peter was the first to reach Constantinople,
on the Kalends of August, and with him was a very large host of
Alemanni. There he found assembled Lombards, and Longobards, and
many others. The Emperor had ordered such a market as was in the
city to be given to these people. And he said to them, "Do
not cross the Strait until the chief host of the Chritians has
come, for you are not so strong that you can do battle with the
Turks." The Christians conducted themselves badly, inasmuch
as they tore down and burned buildings of the city and carried
off the lead with which the churches were constructed sold it
to the Greeks. The Emperor was enraged thereat and ordered them
to cross the Strait. After they bad crossed, they did not cease
doing all manner of evil, burning and plundering houses and churches.
At length they reached Nicomedia, where the Lombards and Longobards
and Alemanni separated from the Franks because the Franks were
constantly swelled with arrogance.
The Lombards and Longobards chose a leader over themselves whose
name was Reinald. The Alemanni did likewise. They entered Romania
and proceeded for four days beyond the city of Nicaea.
They found a certain fortress, Xerogord by name, which
was empty of people, and they seized it. In it they found an ample
supply of grain, wine, and meat, and an abundance of all goods.
The Turks, accordingly, bearing that the Christians were in the
fortress, came to besiege it. Before the gate of the fortress
was a cistern, and at the foot of the fortress was a fountain
of running water, near which Reinald went out to trap the Turks.
But the Turks, who came on the day of the Dedication of St. Michael,
found Reinald and those who were with him and killed many of them.
Those who remained alive fled to the fortress, which the Turks
straightway besieged, thus depriving them of water. Our people
were in such distress from thirst that they bled their horses
and asses and drank the blood; others let their r girdles and
handkerchiefs down into the cistern and squeezed out the water
from them into their mouths; some urinated into one another's
hollowed hands and drank; and others dug up the moist ground and
lay down on their backs and spread the earth over their breasts
to relieve the excessive dryness of thirst. The bishops and priests,
indeed, continued to comfort our people, and to admonish them
not to yield, saying, "Be everywhere strong in the faith
of Christ, and do not fear those who persecute you, just as the
Lord saith, 'Be not afraid of them that kill the body, but are
not able to kill the soul."' This distress lasted for eight
days. Then the lord of the Alemanni made an agreement with the
Turks to surrender his companions to them; and, feigning to go
out to fight, he fled to them, and many with him. Those, however,
who were unwilling to deny the Lord received the sentence of death;
some, whom they took alive, they divided among themselves, like
sheep; some they placed as a target and shot with arrows; others
they sold and gave away, like animals. Some they took captive
to their own home, some to Chorosan, some to Antioch, others to
Aleppo, or wherever they themselves lived. These were the first
to receive a happy martyrdom in the name of the Lord Jesus.
Next, the Turks, hearing that Peter the Hermit and Walter the
Penniless were in Civitote, which is located above the city of
Nicaea, went there with great joy to kill them and those who were
with them. And when they had come, they encountered Walter with
his men (all of) whom the Turks soon killed. But Peter the Hermit
had gone to Constantinople a short while before because he was
unable to restrain that varied host, which was not willing to
listen either to him or to his words. The Turks, indeed, rushed
upon these people and killed many of them. Some they found sleeping,
some lying down, others naked - all of whom they killed. With
these people they found a certain priest celebrating mass, whom
they straightway martyred upon the altar. Those who could escape
fled to Civitote; others hurled themselves headlong into the sea,
while some hid in the forests and mountains. But the Turks, pursuing
them to the fortress, collected wood to bum them with the fort.
The Christians who were in the fort, therefore, set fire to the
wood that had been collected, and the fire, turning in the direction
of the Turks, cremated some of them; but from the fire the Lord
delivered our people at that time. Nevertheless, the Turks took
them alive and divided them, just as they had done the others,
and scattered them through all these regions, some to Chorosan,
and others to Persia. This all happened in the month of October.
The Emperor, upon hearing that the Turks had so scattered our
people, was exceedingly glad and sent for them (the Turks) had
them cross the Strait.. After they were across, he purchased all
their arms.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 71-72
3. Account of Main Crusade
Armies
Soon they departed from their homes in Gaul, and then formed three
groups.
One party of Franks, namely, Peter, the Hermit Duke Godfrey, Baldwin,
his brother, and Baldwin, Count of the Mount, entered the region
of Hungary. These most powerful; knights, and many others whom
I do not know, went by the way which Charles ; the Great, wonderworking
king of France, long ago had made,!, even to Constantinople. .
. .
The second party - to wit, Raymond, Count of St. Gilles, and the
Bishop of Puy - entered the region of Slavonia.
The third division, however, went by the ancient road to Rome.
In this division were Bohemund, Richard of Principati, Robert,
Count of Flanders, Robert the Norman, Hugh the Great, Everard
of Puiset, Achard of Montmerle, Ysooard of Mousson, and many others.
Next, they went to the port of Brindisi, or Bari, or Otranto.
Then Hugh the Great, and William, son of Marchisus, took to the
sea at the port of Bari and, crossing the strait, came to Durazzo.
But the governor of this place, his heart touched with evil design,
took these most renowned men captive immediately upon hearing
that they had landed there and ordered them to be conducted carefully
to the Emperor at Constantinople, where they should pledge loyalty
to him.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 57
4. Bohemund
But Bohemund, powerful in battle, who was engaged in the siege
of Amalfi on the sea of Salerno, heard that a countless host of
Christians from among the Franks had come to go to the Sepulchre
of the Lord, and that they were prepared for battle against the
pagan horde. He then began to inquire closely what fighting arms
these people bore, and what sign of Christ they carried on the
way, or what battle cry they shouted. The following replies were
made to him in order: "They bear arms suitable for battle;
on the right shoulder, or between both shoulders, they wear the
cross of Christ; the cry, 'God wills it! God wills it! God wills
it!' they shout in truth with one voice." Moved straightway
by the Holy Spirit, he ordered the most precious cloak which he
had with him cut to pieces, and straightway he bad the whole of
it made into crosses. Thereupon, most of the knights engaged in
that siege rushed eagerly to him, so that Count Roger remained
almost alone.
Returning again to his own land, Lord Bohemund diligently prepared
himself to undertake in true earnest the journey to the Holy Sepulchre.
At length, he crossed the sea with his army. With him were Tancred,
son of Marchisus, Richard of Principati, and Rainulf, his brother,
Robert of Anse, Herman of Cannae, Robert of Surda Valley,
Robert, son of Tostanus, Hunfred, son of Raoul , Richard,
son of Count Rainulf, the Count of Roscignolo, with his
brothers, Boellus of Chartres, Albered of Cagnano, and Hunfred
of Mt. Seaglioso. All of these crossed the sea to do service for
Bohemund and landed in the region of Bulgaria, where they found
a very great abundance of grain, wine, and bodily nourishment.
Thence descending into the valley of Andronopoli, they
waited for his forces, until all bad likewise crossed the sea.
Then the wise Bobemund ordered a council with his people, comforting
and admonishing all (with these words). "Seignors, take heed
all of you, for we are pilgrims of God. We ought, therefore, to
be better and more humble than before. Do not plunder this land,
since it belongs to Christians, and let no one, at the cost of
blessing, take more than be needs to eat."
Departing thence, we journeyed through great plenty from villa
to villa, city to city, fortress to fortress, until we reached
Castoria. There we solemnly celebrated the nativity of the Lord.
We remained there for several days and sought a market, but the
people were unwilling to accord it to us, because they feared
us greatly, thinking that we came not as pilgrims, but to devastate
their land and to kill them. Wherefore we took their cattle, horses,
asses, and everything that we found. Leaving Castoria, we entered
Pelagonia, in which there was a certain fortified town of heretics.
This we attacked from all sides and it soon yielded to our sway.
Thereupon, we set it on fire and burned the camp with its inhabitants,
that is, the congregation of heretics. Later, we reached the river
Vardar. And then Lord Bohemund went across with his people, but
not with all, for the Count of Roscignolo with his brothers
remained behind.
Thereupon , an army of the Emperor came and attacked the Count
with his brothers and all who were with them. Tancred, hearing
of this, went back and, hurling himself into the river, reached
the others by swimming; and two thousand went into the river following
Tancred. At length, they came upon the Turcopoles and Patzinaks
struggling with our men. They (Tancred and his men) charged the
enemy suddenly and bravely and overcame them gloriously. Several
of them they seized and led them, bound, into the presence of
Bohemund, who spoke to them as follows: "Wherefore, miserable
men, do you kill Christ's people and mine? I have no quarrel with
your Emperor." They replied, "We cannot do otherwise;
we have been placed in the service of the Emperor, and whatever
he commands we must fulfill." Bohemund allowed them to depart
unpunished. This battle was fought in the fourth day of the week,
which is the beginning of the fast. Through all, blessed is the
Lord! Amen.
The unhappy Emperor sent one of his own men, whom be greatly loved,
and whom they call Corpalatius, together with our envoys,
to conduct us in security through his land until we should come
to Constantinople. And as we paused before their cities, he ordered
the inhabitants to offer us a market, just as those also did of
whom we have spoken. Indeed, they feared the most brave host of
Lord Bohemund so greatly that they permitted none of us to enter
the walls of the city. Our men wanted to attack and seize a certain
fortified town because it was full of all kinds of goods. But
the renowned man, Bohemund, refused to consent not only in justice
to the land, but also because of his pledge to the Emperor. Therefore,
he was greatly angered on this account with Tancred and all the
rest. This happened toward evening. When morning came, the inhabitants
of the town came out, and, in procession, bearing crosses in their
hands, they came into the presence of Bohemund. Delighted, he
received them; and with gladness he permitted them to depart.
Next we came to a certain town, which is called Serrhae, where
we fixed our tents and bad a market sufficient for that time.
There the learned Bohemund made a very cordial agreement with
two Corpalatii; and out of regard for their friendship,
as well as in justice to the land, he ordered all the stolen animals
which our men had to be returned. The Corpalatius promised
him that he would despatch messengers to return the animals to
their owners in order. Then we proceeded from castle to castle
and from villa to villa to the city of Rusa. The people of the
Greeks came out, bringing us the greatest market, and went joyfully
to meet Lord Bohemund. There we Pitched on, tents in the fourth
day of the week before the feast of the Lord.
There, also, the learned Bohemund left all his host an( went on
ahead to speak with the Emperor at Constantinople. He gave commands
to his vassals, saying, "Approach the city gradually. I,
however, will go on in advance." And he took with him a few
at the head of the army of Christ, and, seeing the pilgrims buying
food, he said to himself that he would go off the road and lead
his people where they would live happily. At length be entered
a certain valley, filled with goods of all kinds that are suitable
nourishment for the body, and in it we most devoutly celebrated
Easter.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 62-64
5. Godfrey of Bouillon
Duke Godfrey was the first of all the seignors to come to Constantinople
with a great army. He arrived two days before the Nativity of
Our Lord and camped outside the city, until the, iniquitous Emperor
ordered him to be lodged in a suburb of the city. And when the
Duke had been so lodged, he used to send his squires, under pledge,
day by day to fetch hay and other necessities for the horses.
When now they planned to go wherever they wished, on the strength
of their pledge, the evil Emperor placed a watch upon them and
commanded his Turcopoles and Patzinaks to attack and kill them.
Thereupon, when Baldwin, brother of the Duke, heard of this, he
placed himself in ambush and then found them killing his people.
He attacked them in great anger and, God helping, overcame them.
Capturing sixty of them, he killed some and presented the rest
to the Duke, his brother. When the Emperor had heard of this,
he was exceedingly angry. Then the Duke, seeing that the Emperor
was enraged, went with his men out of the suburb and encamped
outside the city. Moreover, toward evening the Emperor ordered
his forces to attack the Duke and the people of Christ. The unconquered
Duke and the knights of Christ pursued these, killed seven of
them, and drove the rest even to the gates of the city. The Duke,
returning to his tents, remained there for five days, until he
had entered into an agreement with the Emperor. The Emperor told
him to cross the Strait of St. George, and promised to have every
kind of market there, just as at Constantinople, and to distribute
alms to the poor, upon which they could live.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 80
6. Bohemund
When the Emperor heard that the most honorable man, Bohemund,
had come to him, he commanded that he be received with honor and
carefully lodged outside the city. When he had been so lodged,
the evil Emperor sent for him to come to speak with him in secret.
Thither, also, came Duke Godfrey with his brother, and at length
the Count of St. Gilles approached the city. Then the Emperor
in anxious and fervid rage was pondering some way by which they
might seize these knights of Christ adroitly and by fraud. But
Divine Grace disclosing (his plans), neither time nor place was
found by him, or his men, to do them ill. At last, all the noble
leaders who were at Constantinople were assembled. Fearing lest
they should be deprived of their country, they decided in their
counsels and ingenious calculations that our dukes, counts, or
all the leaders, ought to make an oath of fealty to the Emperor.
These absolutely refused and said: "It is indeed unworthy
of us, and, furthermore, it seems to us unjust to swear an oath
to him." Perchance we shall yet often be deceived by our
leaders. In the end, what were they to do? They say that under
the force of necessity they humiliated themselves, willy-nilly,
to the will of the most unjust Emperor. To that most mighty man
Bohemund, however, whom he greatly feared because in times past
be (Bohemund) had often driven him from the field with his army,
the Emperor said that, if he willingly took the oath to him, he
would give him, in return, land in extent from Antioch fifteen
days journey, and eight in width. And he (the Emperor) swore to
him in such wise that, if he loyally observed that oath, he would
never pass beyond his own land. Knights, so brave and so sturdy,
why did they do this? For the reason that they were constrained
by much necessity. The Emperor also gave to all our men a pledge
of security. He likewise took oath that he, together with his
army, would come with us, by land and by sea; that be would afford
us faithfully a market by land and sea, and that be would diligently
make good our losses; in addition, that be did not wish, and would
not permit, any of our pilgrims to be disturbed or come to grief
on their way to the Holy Sepulchre.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 93-94
7. Raymond of Toulouse
The Count of St. Gilles, however, was lodged outside the city
in a suburb, and his force bad remained behind. Accordingly, the
Emperor bade the Count do homage and fealty to him, as the others
had done. And while the Emperor was making these demands, the
Count was meditating how he might take vengeance on the army of
the Emperor. But Duke Godfrey and Robert, Count of Flanders, and
the other princes said to him that it would be unjust to fight
against Christians. The wise man, Bohemund, also said that if
the Count should do the Emperor any injustice, and should refuse
to do him fealty, he himself would take the part of the Emperor.
Accordingly, the Count, after receiving the advice of his men,
swore that he would not consent to have the life and honor of
Alexius sullied either by himself or by anyone else. When be was
called upon for homage, he answered that he would not do this
at the risk of his head.
Then the host of Lord Bohemund approached Constantinople. Tancred,
indeed, and Richard of Principati, and almost the whole of Bohemund's
force with him, crossed the Strait by stealth, to avoid the oath
to the Emperor. And now the army of the Count of St. Gilles approached
Constantinople. The Count remained there with his own band. Therefore
the illustrious man, Bohemund, stayed behind with the Emperor,
in order to plan with him how they might provide a market for
the people who were beyond the city of Nicaea.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 98-99
8. The Victory at Nicea
And thus Duke Godfrey went first to Nicomedia, together with Tancred
and all the rest, and they were there for three days. The Duke,
indeed, seeing that there was no road open by which he could conduct
these hosts to the city of Nicaea, for so great an army could
not pass through the road along which the others had passed before,
sent ahead three thousand men with axes and swords to cut and
clear this road, so that it would lie open even to the city of
Nicaea. They cut this road through a very Darrow and very great
mountain and fixed back along the way iron and wooden crosses
on posts, so that the pilgrims would know the way. Meanwhile,
we came to Nicaea, which is the capital of all Romania, on the
fourth day, the day before the Nones of May, and there encamped.
However, before Lord Bohemund bad arrived, there was such scarcity
of bread among us that one loaf was sold for twenty or thirty denarii. After the illustrious man, Bobemund, came, be
ordered the greatest market to be brought by sea, and it came
both ways at the same time, this by land and that by sea, and
there was the greatest abundance in the whole army of Christ.
Moreover, on the day of the Ascension of the Lord we began to
attack the city on all sides, and to construct machines of wood,
and wooden towers, with which we might be able to destroy towers
on the walls. We attacked the city so bravely and so fiercely
that we even undermined its wall. The Turks who were in the city,
barbarous horde that they were, sent messages to others who had
come up to give aid. The message ran in this wise: that they might
approach the city boldly and in security and enter through the
middle gate, because on that side no one would oppose them or
put them to grief. This gate was besieged on that very day - the
Sabbath after the Ascension of the Lord - by the Count of St.
Gilles and the Bishop of Puy. The Count, approaching from another
side, was protected by divine might, and with his most powerful
army gloried in terrestrial strength. And so he found the Turks,
coming against us here. Armed on all sides with the sign of the
cross, he rushed upon them violently and overcame them. They turned
in flight, and most of them were killed. They came back again,
reinforced by others, joyful and exulting in assured (outcome)
of battle, and bearing along with them the ropes with which to
lead us bound to Chorosan. Coming gladly, moreover, they began
to descend from the crest of the mountain a short distance. As
many as descended remained there with their beads cut off at the
bands of our men; moreover, our men hurled the heads of the killed
far into the city, that they (the Turks) might be the more terrified
thereat. Then the Count of St. Gilles and the Bishop of Puy took
counsel together as to how they might have undermined a certain
tower which was opposite their tents. Men were assigned to do
the digging, with arbalistae and bowmen to defend them
on all sides. So they dug to the foundations of the wall and fixed
timbers and wood under it and then set fire to it. However, evening
had come; the tower had already fallen in the night, and because
it was night they could not fight with the enemy. Indeed, during
that night the Turks hastily built up and restored the wall so
strongly that when day came no one could harm them on that side.
Now the Count of Normandy came up, Count Stephen and many others,
and finally Roger of Barneville. At length Bohemund, at
the very front, besieged the city. Beside him was Tancred, after
him Duke Godfrey, then the Count of St. Gilles, next to whom was
the Bishop of Puy. it was so besieged by land that no one dared
to go out or in. There all our forces were assembled in one body,
and who could have counted so great an army of Christ? No one,
as 1 think, has ever before seen so many distinguished knights
or ever will again!
However, there was a large lake on one side of the city, on which
the Turks used to send out their ships, and go back and forth
and bring fodder, wood, and many other things. Then our leaders
counselled together and sent messengers to Constantinople to tell
the Emperor to have ships brought to Civitote, where there is
a fort, and that he should order oxen to be brought to drag the
ships over the mountains and through the woods, until they neared
the lake. This was done forthwith, and he sent his Turcopoles
with them. They did not want to put the ships on the lake on the
very day that they were brought across, but under cover of night
they launched them on the lake itself, (The boats were) filled
with Turcopoles well decorated with arms. Moreover, at earliest
daybreak the ships stood in good order and hastened through the
lake against the city. The Turks marvelled upon seeing them, not
knowing whether they were manned by their own forces or the Emperor's.
However, after they recognized that it was the host of the Emperor,
they were frightened even to death, weeping and lamenting; and
the Franks were glad and gave glory to God.
The Turks, moreover, seeing that they could have no further aid
from their armies, sent a message to the Emperor that they would
willingly surrender the city, if he would permit them to go entirely
away with their wives and children and all their substance. Then
the Emperor, full of vain and evil thinking, ordered them to depart
unpunished, without any fear, and to be brought to him at Constantinople
with great assurance (of safety). These he cared for zealously,
so that he had them prepared against any damage or hindrance from
the Franks. We were engaged in that siege for seven weeks and
three days. Many of our men there received martyrdom, and, glad
and rejoicing, gave back their happy souls to God. Many of the
very poor died of hunger for the name of Christ, and these bore
triumphantly to heaven their robes of martyrdom crying with one
voice, "Avenge, Lord, our blood which has been shed for Thee,
who are blessed and praiseworthy forever and ever. Amen."
In the meanwhile, after the city had been surrendered and the
Turks had been conducted to Constantinople, the Emperor, more
and more rejoiced because the city had been surrendered to his
power, ordered the greatest alms to be distributed to our poor.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 101-103
9. The Battle of Dorylaeum
On the third day, the Turks made a violent assault on Bohemund
and his companions. The Turks began unceasingly to shout, babble,
and cry in a loud voice, making some devilish sound, I know not
how, in their own tongue. When the wise Bohemund saw from afar
the innumerable Turks shouting and crying a diabolical sound,
be straightway ordered all the knights to dismount and pitch the
tents immediately. Before the tents had been erected, be spoke
to all the soldiers: "My lords and strongest of Christ's
soldiers! A difficult battle is now building up around us. Let
everyone advance against them courageously and let the infantry
put up the tents carefully and quickly."
By the time all this had been done, the Turks had already surrounded
us on all sides. They attacked us, slashing, hurling, and shooting
arrows far and wide, in a manner strange to behold. Although we
could scarcely bold them back or even bear up under the weight
of such a host, nevertheless we all managed to hold our ranks.
Our women were a great blessing to us that day, for they carried
drinking water zip to our fighting men and comforted the fighters
and defenders. The wise Bohemund at once commanded the others,
namely the Count of St-Gilles, Duke Godfrey, Hugh of France, the
Bishop of Le Puy, and all the rest of Christ's soldiers to make
speed and to march quickly to the battle scene. He said: "If
they wish to fight today, let them come on with full force."
The strong and courageous Duke Godfrey and Hugh of France both
came on ahead with their forces. The Bishop of Le Puy followed
with his troops, and the Count of St-Gilles with a large force
came after him.
Our people were very curious about where such a multitude of Turks,
Arabs, Saracens, and others whom I cannot name, had come from.
Indeed this excommunicated race filled all the mountains, hills,
valleys, and plains on all sides, both inside and outside of the
battlefield. We had a secret parley among ourselves and, after
praising God and taking counsel, we said: "Let us all unite
in Christ's faith and the victory of the Holy Cross, for, God
willing, today we shall all be made rich."
Our forces were drawn up in one continuous battle line. On the
left there were Bohemund, Robert the Norman, the prudent Tancred,
Robert of Ansa, and Richard of the Principate . The Bishop of
Le Puy approached by way of another mountain and thus the unbelieving
Turks were surrounded on all sides. [note: Bishop Adhémar
of Le Puy had, in other words, led a company of southern French
knights through the mountains, around and behind the Turkish lines.
The sudden appearance on the field of the Bishop and his knights,
who came up behind the Turkish flanks, threw the Turks into panic
and assured victory for the Crusaders.] Raymond of St-Gilles
also fought on the left side. On the right there were Duke Goddfrey,
the Count of Flanders (a most valiant knight), and Hugh of France,
together with many others whose names I know not.
As soon as our knights arrived, the Turks, Arabs, Saracens, Angulans,32
and all the barbarian tribes speedily took flight through the
byways of the mountains and plains. The Turks, Persians, Paulicians,
Saracens, Angulans, and other pagans numbered 360, 000, besides
the Arabs, whose numbers are known only to God. With extraordinary
speed they fled to their tents but were unable to remain there
long. Again they took flight and we followed, killing them as
we went, for a whole day. We took many spoils: gold, silver, horses,
donkeys, camels, sheep, cattle, and many other things of which
we know not. Had the Lord not been with us in the battle and had
he not suddenly sent us the other force, none of our men would
have escaped, for the battle lasted from the third to the ninth
hour. But Almighty God is merciful and kind. He did not allow
his troops to perish, nor did he deliver them into the hands of
the enemy; rather he sent help to us quickly. Two of our honored
knights were killed, namely Godfrey of Monte-Scaglioso and William
the son of the Marquis and the brother of Tancred. Some other
knights and infantrymen whose names I do not know were also killed.
Who will ever be wise or learned enough to dare to describe the
prudence, prowess, and valor of the Turks? They believed they
could terrify the Frankish race by threatening them with their
arrows, as they had terrified the Arabs, Saracens, Armenians,
Syrians, and Greeks. But, please God, they will never be as powerful
as our men. Indeed, the Turks say that they are related to the
Franks and that no man ought by nature to be a knight save the
Franks and themselves. I speak the truth, which no one can deny.
that if they had always been steadfast in Christ's faith and in
Christianity, if they had wished to confess one triune Lord, and
if they had honestly believed in good faith that the Son of God
was born of the Virgin, that he suffered and rose from the dead
and ascended into heaven in the presence of his disciples, that
he has sent the perfect comfort of the Holy Spirit, and that he
reigns in heaven and on earth; if they bad believed all this,
it would have been impossible to find a people more powerful,
more courageous, or more skilled in the art of war. By the grace
of God, however, we defeated them. The battle took place on the
first of July.
Source:
Translated by James Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary History,
(Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1962), 49-51
Copyright note: Professor Brundage informed the Medieval
Sourcebook that copyright was not renewed on this work. Moreover
he gave permission for use of his translations.
10. The Siege of Antioch
Now grain and all food began to be excessively dear before the
birthday of the Lord. We did not dare to go outside; we could
find absolutely nothing to eat within the land of the Christians,
, and no one dared to enter the land of the Saracens without a'
great army. At last holding a council, our seignors decided how
they might care for so many people. They concluded in the council
that one part of our force should go out diligently to collect
food and to guard the army everywhere, while the other part should
remain faithfully to watch the enemy. At length, Bohemund said,
"Seignors, and most distinguished knights, if you wish, and
it seems honorable and good to you, I will be the one to go out
with, the Count of Flanders on this quest." Accordingly,
when the services of the Nativity had been most gloriously celebrated
on Monday, the second day of the week, they and more than twenty
thousand knights and footmen went forth and entered the land of
the Saracens, safe and unharmed.
There were assembled, indeed, many Turks, Arabs, and Saracens
from Jerusalem, Damascus, Aleppo, and other regions, who were
on their way to reinforce Antioch. So, when they heard that a
Christian host was being led into their land, they made themselves
ready there for battle against the Christians, and at earliest
daybreak they came to the place where our people were gathered
together. The barbarians divided themselves and formed two battle
lines, one in front and one behind, seeking to surround us from
every side. The worthy Count of Flanders, therefore, girt about
on all sides with the armor of true faith and the sign of the
cross, which he loyally wore daily, went against them, together
with Bohemund, and our men rushed upon them all together. They
immediately took to flight and hastily turned their backs; very
many of them were killed, and our men took their horses and other
spoils. But others, who had remained alive, fled swiftly and went
away to the wrath of perdition. We, however, returning with great
rejoicing, praised and magnified God, Three in One, who liveth
and reigneth now and forever, Amen.
Finally, the Turks in the city of Antioch, enemies of God and
Holy Christianity, bearing that Lord Bohemund and the Count of
Flanders were not in the siege, came out from the city and boldly
advanced to do battle with us. Knowing that those most valiant
knights were away, they lay in ambush for us everywhere, more
especially on that side where the siege was lagging. One Wednesday
they found that they could resist and hurt us. The most iniquitous
barbarians came out cautiously and, rushing violently upon us,
killed many of our knights and foot soldiers who were off their
guard. Even the Bishop of Puy on that bitter day lost his seneschal,
who was carrying and managing his standard. And had it riot been
for the stream which was between us and them, they would have
attacked us more often and done the greatest hurt to our people.
At that time the famous man, Bohemund, advancing with his army
from the land of the Saracens, came to the mountain of Tancred,
wondering whether perchance he could find anything to carry away,
for they were ransacking the whole region. Some, in truth, found
something, but others went away empty-handed. Then the wise man,
Bohemund, upbraided them, saying: "Oh, unhappy and most wretched
people! O, most vile of all Christians! Why do you want to go
away so quickly? Only stop; stop until we shall all be gathered
together, and do not wander about like sheep without a shepherd.
Moreover, if the enemy find you wandering, they will kill you,
for they are watching by night and by day to find you alone, or
ranging about in groups without a leader; and they are striving
daily to kill you and lead you into captivity." When his
words were finished, he returned to his camp with his men, more
empty-handed than laden.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 132-34
11. The Sufferings of the Crusaders
at Antioch
When the Armenians and Syrians, however, saw that our men were
returning utterly empty-handed, they counselled together and went
away through the mountains and places of which they had previous
knowledge, making subtle inquiry and buying grain and other bodily
sustenance. This they brought to the camp, in which hunger was
great beyond measure, and they sold a single assload for eight perpre, which is worth one hundred and twenty solidi of denarii. There, indeed, many of our men died because they
did not have the means wherewith to buy at such a dear price.
William Carpenter and Peter the Hermit secretly left because of
the great sorrow and misery. Tancred pursued and caught them,,
and brought them back in disgrace. They gave him a pledge that
they would return willingly to camp and render satisfaction to
seignors. Then William lay all that night, like an evil thing,
in the tent of Bohemund. On the next day at early dawn he came
shamefacedly and stood in the presence of Bohemund, who, addressing
him, said, "O, the misfortune and infamy of all France, the
disgrace and villainy of Gaul! O, most evil of all whom the earth
endures! Why did you so vilely flee? Was it, perchance, for the
reason that you wished to betray these knights and the host of
Christ, as you betrayed others in Hispania?" He was
entirely silent and no speech proceeded from his mouth, Almost
all those of Frankish race gathered together and humbly asked
Lord Bohemund not to let anything worse befall him. He nodded,
with calm countenance, and said, "To this I willingly consent
for love of you, if he will swear to me with his whole heart and
mind that be will never withdraw from the march to Jerusalem,
whether for good or evil; and if Tancred will agree not to let
anything untoward befall him, either through him or his men."
When William had heard these words, he willingly agreed, and Bohemund
forthwith dismissed him. Later, indeed, Carpenter, caught in the
greatest villainy, slipped away by stealth without long delay.
This poverty and wretchedness God meted out to us because of our
sins. Thus in the whole army no one could find a thousand knights
who had horses of the best kind.
Meanwhile the hostile Tetigus, upon hearing that the army
of the Turks had come upon us, said that he was afraid, thinking
that we would all perish and fall into the hands of the enemy.
Fabricating all the falsehoods which be could industriously scatter,
he said: "Seignors and most illustrious men, you see that
we are here in the greatest need, and aid is coming to us from
no side. So permit me now to return to my country of Romania,
and I will, for certain, cause many ships to come hither by sea,
laden with grain, wine, barley, meat, butter, and cheese, and
all the goods which you need. I shall also cause horses to be
brought for sale, and a market to be brought hither in the fealty
of the Emperor.
So I will swear all this loyally to you and attend to it. Also,
my servants and my tent are still in camp, from which you may
believe firmly that I will return as quickly as possible."
And so he concluded his speech. That foe went and left all his
possessions in the camp, and he remains., and will remain, in
perjury.
Therefore in this way the greatest need came upon us, because
the Turks pressed us on all sides, so that none of us dared now
to go out of the tents, for they constrained us on one side, and
excruciating hunger on the other; but of succour and help we bad
none. The lesser folk, and the very poor fled to Cyprus, Romania,
and into the mountains. Through fear of the most evil Turks we
dared not go to the sea, and the way was never made open to us.
Accordingly, when Lord Bohemund heard that an innumerable host
of Turks was coming against us, be went cautiously to the others,
saying: "Seignors, most illustrious knights, what are we
going to do? For we are not so great that we can fight on two
sides. But do you know what we may do? Let us make two lines of
ourselves; let a portion of the foot soldiers remain together
to guard the pavilions, and by feinting they will be able to resist
those who are in the city. Let the other portion, however, consisting
of knights, go with us to meet our enemy, who are lodged here
"ear us in the fortress Aregh beyond the Iron Bridge."
Moreover, when evening came the famous man, Bohemund, advanced
with the other most illustrious knights and went to lie between
the river and the lake. At earliest daybreak he straightway ordered
scout to go out and see how many squadrons of Turks there were,
where (they were) and definitely what they were doing. They went
out., and began to inquire craftily where the lines of the Turks
were bidden. Then they saw innumerable Turks, divided into two
battle lines, coming from the side of the river, with their greatest
valor marching in the rear. The scouts returned very quickly,
saying, "Behold! See, they come! Be prepared, therefore,
all you, for they are already near us." And the wise man,
Bohemund, spoke to the others, "Seignors, most invincible
knights, array you selves for battle, each one for himself."
They answered: "Wise and famous man! Great and magnificent
man! Brave and Victorious man! Arbiter of battles, and judge of
disputes! Make arrangements for us and yourself." Thereupon,
Bohemund commanded that each one of the princes should himself
form his line in order. They did so, and six lines were formed.
Five of them went out together to attack them (the enemy). Bohemund,
accordingly, marched short distance in the rear with his line.
Thus, when our men were successfully united, one band urged on
the other. The clamor resounded to the sky. All fought at the
same time. Showers of weapons darkened the air. When their troops
of greatest valor, who had been in their rear, came up, they attacked
our forces sharply, so that our men fell back a little. As the
most learned man, Bohemund, saw this, he groaned. Then he commanded
his constable, that is to say Robert, son of Girard, saying: "Go
as quickly as you can, like a brave man, and remember our illustrious
and courageous forefathers of old. Be keen in; the service of
God and the Holy Sepulchre, and bear in mind that this battle
is not carnal, but spiritual. Be, therefore, the bravest athlete
of Christ. Go in peace. The Lord be with you everywhere."
And so that man, fortified on all sides with the sign of the cross,
went into the lines of the Turks, just as a lion, famished for
three or four days, goes forth from his cave raging and thirsting
for the blood of beasts and, rushing unexpectedly among the herds
of sheep, tears them to pieces as they flee hither and thither.
So violently did he press upon them that the tips of his renowned
standard flew over the heads of the Turks. Moreover, as the other
lines saw that the standard of Bohemund was so gloriously borne
before them, they went back to the battle again, and with one
accord our men attacked the Turks, who, all amazed, took to flight.
our men, therefore, pursued them even to the Iron Bridge and cut
off their beads. The Turks, however, rushed hastily back to their
camps and, taking everything they could find there, despoiled
the whole camp, set it on fire, and fled. The Armenians and Syrians,
knowing that the Turks had utterly lost the battle, went out and
watched at the narrow places, where they killed and captured many
of them. And so by the favor of God our enemy was overcome on
that day. Moreover, our men were sufficiently rewarded with horses
and many other things which they greatly needed. And they carried
the heads of one hundred dead before the gate of the city, where
the envoys of the Emir of Babylon, who had been sent to the princes,
were encamped. During the whole day those who had remained in
the tents had fought before the three gates of the city with those
who were inside. This battle was fought on the Wednesday before
the beginning of Lent, on the fifth day before the Ides of February,
with the favor of our Lord Jesus Christ, who, with the Father
and the Holy Ghost, liveth and reigneth God forever and ever.
Amen. Our men returned triumphant and joyful from the victory
which, under God's guidance, they had obtained on that day over
their defeated enemy. The enemy, entirely beaten, fled, ever roaming
and wandering hither and thither. Some (at length) went to Chorosan,
but others entered the land of the Saracens.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 136-39
12. The Fall of Antioch
I can not enumerate all the things which we did before the city
was captured, beause there is no one in these regions, whether
cleric or layman, who can at all write or tell just how things
happened. Nevertheless, I will say a little.
There was a certain Emir of the race of the Turks, whose name
was Pirus [Firuz], who took up the greatest friendship
with Bohemund. By an interchange of messengers Bohemund often
pressed this man to receive him within the city in a most friendly
fashion, and, after promising Christianity to him most freely,
he sent word that be would make him rich with much honor. Pirus
yielded to these words and promises, saying, "I guard three
towers, and I freely promise them to him, and at whatever hour
he wishes I will receive him within them." Accordingly, Bohemund
was now secure about entering the city, and, delighted, with serene
mind and joyful countenance, became to all the leaders, bearing
joyful words to them in this wise: "Men, most illustrious
knights, see how all of us, whether of greater or less degree,
are in exceeding poverty and misery, and how utterly ignorant
we are from what side we will fare better. Therefore, if it seems
good and honorable to you, let one of us put himself ahead of
the rest, and if he can acquire or contrive (the capture of) the
city by any plan or scheme, by himself, or through the help of
others, let us with one voice grant him the city as a gift."
They absolutely refused and spurned (the suggestion) saying, "This
city shall be given to no one, but we will bold it equally; since
we have had equal effort, so let us have equal reward from it."
Bohemund, upon hearing these words, laughed a bit to himself and
immediately retired. Not much later we listened to messages concerning
(the approach of) an army of our enemy, Turks, Publicani, Agulani, Azimites, and very many other gentile nations that I know
not how to enumerate or name. Immediately all our leaders came
together, and held a council, saying: "If Bohemund can acquire
the city, either by himself, or with the help of others, let us
give it to him freely and with one accord, on condition that if
the Emperor comes to our aid and wishes to carry out every agreement,
as be swore and promised, we will return it to him by right. But
if be does not do this, let Bohemund keep it in his power."
Immediately, therefore, Bohemund began meekly to beseech his friend
in daily petition, holding out most humbly the greatest and sweetest
promises in this manner: "Behold, we have now truly a fit
time to accomplish whatever good we wish; therefore, now, my friend
Pirus, help me." Greatly pleased at the message, be replied
that be would aid him in every way, as he ought to do. Accordingly,
at the approach of night, he cautiously sent his son to Bohemund
as a pledge, that he might be the more secure about his entrance
to the city. He also sent word to him in this wise: "Tomorrow
sound the trumpets for the Frankish host to move on, pretending
that they are going to plunder the land of the Saracens, and then
turn back quickly over the mountain on the right. With alert mind,
indeed, I will be awaiting those forces, and I will take them
into the towers which I have in my power and charge." Then
Bohemund ordered a certain servant of his, Malacorona by name,
to be called, and bade him, as herald, to admonish most of the
Franks faithfully to prepare themselves to go into the land of
the Saracens. This was so done. Thereupon Bohemund entrusted his
plan to Duke Godfrey, and the Count of Flanders, also to the Count
of St. Gilles and the Bishop of Puy, saying, "The grace of
God favoring, Antioch will this night be surrendered to us."
All these matters were at length arranged; the knights held the
level places and the foot soldiers the mountain. All the night
they rode and marched until dawn, and then began to approach the
towers which that person (Pirus) was watchfully guarding.
Bohemund straightway dismounted and gave orders to the rest, saying,
"Go with secure mind and happy accord, and climb by ladder
into Antioch which, if it please God, we shall have in our power
immediately." They went up the ladder, which had already
been placed and firmly bound to the projections of the city wall.
About sixty of our men climbed up it and were distributed among
the towers which that man was watching. Pirus, upon seeing that
so few of our men had ascended, began to tremble with fear for
both himself and our men, lest they fall into the hands of the
Turks. And be said, "Micro Francos echome There are
few Franks here! Where is most fierce Bohemund, that unconquered
knight?" Meanwhile a certain Longobard servant descended
again, and ran as quickly (as possible) to Bohemund, saying, "Why
do you stand here, illustrious man? Why have you come hither?
Behold, we already hold three towers!" Bohemund was moved
with the rest, and all went joyfully to the ladder. Accordingly,
when those who were in the towers saw this, they began to shout
with happy voices, "God wills it!" We began to shout
likewise; now the men began to climb up there in wondrous fashion.
Then they reached the top and ran in haste to the other towers.
Those whom they found there they straightway sentenced to death;
they even killed a brother of Pirus. Meantime the ladder
by which we had ascended broke by chance, whereupon there arose
the greatest dismay and gloom among us. However, though the ladder
had been broken, there was still a certain gate near us which
had been shut on the left side and had remained unknown to some
of the people, for it was night. But by feeling about and inquiring
we found it, and all ran to it; and, having broken it open, we
entered through it.
Thereupon, the noise of a countless multitude resounded through
all the city. Bohemund did not give his men any rest, but ordered
his standard to be carried up in front of the castle on a certain
hill. Indeed, all were shouting in the city together.
Moreover, when at earliest dawn those in the tents outside heard
the most violent outcry sounding through the city, they rushed
out hurriedly and saw the standard of Bohemund up on the mount,
and with rapid pace all ran hastily and entered the city. They
killed the Turks and Saracens whom they found there, except those
who had fled into the citadel. Others of the Turks went out through
the gates, and by fleeing escaped alive.
But Cassianus, their lord, fearing the race of the Franks
greatly, took flight with the many others who were with him and
came in flight to the land of Tancred, not far from the city.
Their horses, however, were worn out, and, taking refuge in a
certain villa, they dashed into a house. The inhabitants of the
mountain, Syrians and Armenians, upon recognizing him (Cassianus), straightway seized him, cut off his head, and took it into
the presence of Bohemund, so that they might gain their liberty.
They also sold his sword-belt and scabbard for sixty besants.
All this occurred on the third day of the incoming month of June,
the fifth day of the week, the third day before the Nones of June.
All the squares of the city were already everywhere full of the
corpses of the dead, so that no one could endure it there for
the excessive stench. No one could go along a street of the city
except over the bodies of the dead.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 151-53
13. Kerbogha's Attack
Some time before, Cassianus, Emir of Antioch, had sent
a message to Curbara, chief of the Sultan of Persia, while
he was still at Chorosan, to come and help him while there was
yet time, because a very mighty host of Franks was besieging him
shut up in Antioch. If the Emir would aid him, he (Cassianus) would give him Antioch, or would enrich him with a very great
gift. Since Curbara had had a very large army of Turks
collected for a long time, and had received permission from the
Caliph, their Pope, to kill the Christians, he began a long march
to Antioch. The Emir of Jerusalem came to his aid with an army,
and the King of Damascus arrived there with a very large host.
Indeed, Curbara likewise collected countless pagan folk,
Turks, Arabs, Saracens, Publicani, Azimites, Kurds, Persians, Agulani and countless other peoples. The Agulani were
three thousand in number and feared neither lances, arrows, nor
any kind of arms, because they and all their horses were fitted
with iron all around, and they refused to carry any arms except
swords into battle. All of these came to the siege of Antioch
to disperse the gathering of Franks.
And when they neared the city, Sensadolus, son of Cassianus, Emir of Antioch, went to meet them, and straightway rushed
in tears to Curbara, beseeching him with these words: "Most
invincible chief, I, a supplicant, pray thee to help me, now that
the Franks are besieging me on every side in the city of Antioch;
now that they hold the city in their sway and seek to alienate
us from the region of Romania, or even yet from Syria and Chorosan.
They have done everything that they wished; they have killed my
father; now nothing else remains except to kill me, and you, and
all the others of our race. For a long time now I have been waiting
for your help to succor me in this danger."
To him Curbara replied: "If you want me to enter wholeheartedly
into your service and to help you loyally in this danger, give
that town into my hands, and then see how I will serve you and
protect it with my men."
Sensadolus replied, "If you can kill all the Franks
and give me their heads, I will give you the town, and I will
do homage to you and guard the town in your fealty."
To this Curbara answered: "That won't do; hand over
the town to me immediately." And then, willy-nilly, he handed
the town over to him.
But on the third day after we had entered the town, Curbara's advance guard ran in front of the city; his army, however,
encamped at the Iron Gate. They took the fortress by siege and
killed all of the defenders, whom we found in iron chains after
the greater battle had been fought.
On the next day, the army of the pagans moved on, and, nearing
the city, they encamped between the two rivers and stayed there
for two days. After they had retaken the fortress, Curbara summoned one of his emirs whom he knew to be truthful, gentle,
and peaceable and said to him, "I want you to undertake to
guard this fortress in fealty to me, because for the longest time
I have known you to be most loyal; therefore, I pray you, keep
this castle with the greatest care, for, since I know you to be
the most prudent in action, I can find no one here more truthful
and valiant."
To him the Emir replied: "Never would I refuse to obey you
in such service, but before you persuade me by urging, I will
consent, on the condition that if the Franks drive your men from
the deadly field of battle and conquer, I will straightway surrender
this fortress to them."
Curbara said to him: I recognize you as so honorable and
wise that I will fully consent to whatever good you wish to do."
And thereupon Curbara returned to his army.
Forthwith the Turks, making sport of the gatherings of Franks,
brought into the presence of Curbara a certain very miserable
sword covered with rust, a very worn wooden bow, and an exceedingly
useless lance, which they had just recently taken from poor pilgrims,
and said, "Behold the arms which the Franks carry to meet
us in battle!" Then Curbara began to laugh, saying
before all who were in that gathering, "These are the warlike
and shining arms which the Christians have brought against us
into Asia, with which they hope and expect to drive us beyond
the confines of Cborosan and to wipe out our names beyond the
Amazon rivers, they who have driven our relatives from Romania
and the royal city of Antioch, which is the renowned capital of
all Syria!" Then be summoned his scribe and said: "Write
quickly several documents which are to be read in Chorosan."
"To the Caliph, our Pope, and to our King, the Lord Sultan,
most valiant knight, and to all most illustrious knights of Chorosan;
greeting and honor beyond measure.
Let them be glad enough and delight with joyful concord and satisfy
their appetites; let them command and make known through all that
region that the people give themselves entirely to exuberance
and luxury, and that they rejoice to bear many children to fight
stoutly against the Christians. Let them gladly receive these
three weapons which we recently took from a squad of Franks, and
let them now learn what arms the Frankish host bears against us;
bow very fine and perfect they are to fight against our arms which
are twice, thrice, or even four times welded, or purified, like
the purest silver or gold. In addition, let all know, also, that
I have the Franks shut up in Antioch, and that I hold the citadel
at my free disposal, while they (the enemy) are below in the city.
Likewise, I hold all of them now in my hand. I shall make them
either undergo sentence of death, or be led into Chorosan into
the harshest captivity, because they are threatening with their
arms to drive us forth and to expel us from all our territory,
or to cast us out beyond upper India, as they have cast out all
our kinsmen from Romania or Syria. Now I swear to you by Mohammed
and all the names of the gods that I will not return before your
face until I shall have acquired with my strong right hand the
regal city of Antioch, all Syria, Romania, and Bulgaria, even
to Apulia, to the honor of the gods, and to your glory, and to
that of all who are of the race of the Turks." And thus he
put an end to his words.
The mother of the same Curbara, who dwelt in the city of
Aleppo, came immediately to him and, weeping said: "Son are
these things true which I hear?"
"What things?" he said.
"I have heard that you are going to engage in battle with
the host of the Franks," she replied.
And he answered: "You know the truth fully."
She then said, "I warn you, son, in the names of all the
gods and by your great kindness, not to enter into battle with
the Franks, because you are an unconquered knight, and I have
never at all heard of any imprudence from you or your army. No
one has ever found you fleeing from the field before any victor.
The fame of your army is spread abroad, and all illustrious knights
tremble when your name is heard. For we know well enough, son,
that you are mighty in battle, and valiant and resourceful, and
that no host of Christians or pagans can have any courage before
your face, but are wont to flee at the mention of your name, as
sheep flee before the wrath of a lion. And so I beseech you, dearest
son, to yield to my advice never to let it rest in your mind,
or be found in your counsel, to wish to undertake war with the
Christian host."
Then Curbara, upon hearing his mother's warning, replied with
wrathful speech: "What is this, mother, that you tell me?
I think that you are insane, or full of furies. For I have with
me more emirs than there are Christians, whether of greater or
lesser state."
His mother replied to him: "O sweetest son, the Christians
cannot fight with your forces, for I know that they are not able
to prevail against you; but their God is fighting for them daily
and is watching over them and defending them with His protection
by day and night, as a shepherd watches over his flock. He does
not permit them to be hurt or disturbed by any folk, and whoever
seeks to stand in their way this same God of theirs likewise puts
to rout, just as He said through the mouth of the prophet David,'
'Scatter the people that delight in wars,' and in another place:
'Pour out Thy wrath upon the nations that know Thee not and, against
the kingdoms that call not upon Thy name.' Before they are ready
to begin battle, their God, all powerful and potent in battle,
together with His saints, has all their enemies already conquered.
How much more will He now prevail against you, who are His enemies,
and who are preparing to resist them with all:, your valor! This,
moreover, dearest, know in very truth: these'. Christians, called
'sons of Christ' and by the mouth of the prophets 'sons of adoption
and promise,' according to the apostle are the heirs of Christ
to whom He has already given the promised inheritance, saying
through the prophets, 'From the rising to the setting of the sun
shall be your border and no one shall stand before you.' Who can
contradict or oppose these words? Certainly, if you undertake
this battle against them, yours will be the very greatest loss
and disgrace, and you will lose many of your faithful knights
and all the spoils which you have with you, and you will turn
in flight with exceeding fear. However, you shall not die now
in this battle, but, nevertheless, in this year, because God does
not with quick anger immediately judge him who has offended Him,
but when He wills, He punishes with manifest vengeance, and so
I fear He will exact of you a bitter penalty. You shall not die,
now, I say, but you shall perish after all your present possessions."
Then Curbara, deeply grieved in his heart at his mother's words,
replied "Dearest mother, pray, who told you such things about
the Christian folk, that God loves only them, and that He restrains
the mightiest host from fighting against Him, and that those Chrisians
will conquer us in the battle of Antioch, and that they will capture
our spoils, and will pursue us with great victory, and that I
shall die in this year by a sudden death?" Then his mother
answered him sadly: "Dearest son, behold the times are more
than a hundred years since it was found in our book and in the
volumes of the Gentiles that the Christian host would come against
us, would conquer us everywhere and rule over the pagans, and
that our people would be everywhere subject to them. But I do
not know whether these things are to happen now or in the future.
Wretched woman that I am, I have followed you from Aleppo, most
beautiful city, in which, by gazing and contriving ingenious rhymes,
I looked back at the stars of the skies and wisely scrutinized
the planets and the twelve signs, or count less lots. In all of
these I found that the Christian host would win everywhere, and
so I am exceedingly sad and fear greatly lest I remain bereft
of you."
Curbara said to her: "Dearest mother, explain to me all the
in credible things which are in my heart."
Answering this, she said: "This, dearest, I will do freely,
if I know the things which are unknown to you."
He said to her: "Are not Bohemund and Tancred gods of the
Franks, and do they not free them from their enemies, and do not
these men in one meal eat two thousand heifers and four thousand
bogs?"
His mother answered: "Dearest son, Bohemund and Tancred are
mortals, like all the rest; but their God loves them greatly above
all the others and gives them valor in fighting beyond the rest.
For (it is) their God, Omnipotent is His name, who made heaven
and earth and established the seas and all things that in them
are, whose dwelling-place is in heaven prepared for all eternity,
whose might is everywhere to be feared."
Her son said "(Even) if such is the case, I will not refrain
from fighting with them." Thereupon, when his mother heard
that he would in no way yield to her advice, she returned, a very
sad woman, to Aleppo, carrying with her all the gifts that she
could take along.
But on the third day Curbara armed himself and most of the Turks
with him and went toward the city from the side on which the fortress
was located. Thinking that we could resist them, we prepared ourselves
for battle against them, but so great was their valor that we
could not withstand them, and under compulsion, therefore, we
entered the city. The gate was so amazingly close and narrow for
them that many died there from the pressure of the rest. Meanwhile,
some fought outside the city, others within, on the fifth day
of the week throughout the day until the evening.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 163-68
14. The Discovery of the Holy
Lance
But one day as our leaders, sad and disconsolate, were standing
back before the fortress, a certain priest came to them and said:
"Seignorss, if it please you, listen to a certain matter
which I saw in a vision. When one night I was lying in the church
St. Mary, Mother of God, our Lord Jesus Christ, the Saviour of
the world, appeared to me with His mother and St. Peter, prince
of the apostles, and stood before me and said, 'Knowest thou me?"
I answered, 'No.' At these words, lo, a whole cross on His head.
"A second time, therefore, the Lord asked me 'Knowest thou,
me?'
"To Him I replied: I do not know Thee except that I see cross
on thy head like that of Our Saviour.'
"He answered, 'I am He.'
'Immediately I fell at His feet, humbly beseeching that He help
us in the oppression which was upon us. The Lord responded: I
have helped you in goodly manner and I will now help you. I permitted
you to have the city of Nicaea, and to win all battles and I conducted
you hither to this point, and I have grieved at the misery which
you have suffered in the siege of Antioch. Behold with timely
aid I sent you safe and unharmed into the city, and lo! (you are)
working much evil pleasure with Christian and depraved pagan women,
whereof a stench beyond measure arises unto heaven.'
"Then the loving Virgin and the blessed Peter fell at His
feet, praying and beseeching Him to aid His people in this tribulation,
and the blessed I Peter said: 'Lord, for so long a time the pagan
host has held my house, and in it they have committed many unspeakable
wrongs. But now, since the enemy have been driven hence, Lord,
the angels rejoice in heaven.'
"The Lord then said to me: 'Go and tell my people to return
to Me, and I will I return to them, and within five days I will
send them great help. Let them daily chant the response Congregati
sunt, all of it, including the verse.'
"Seignors, if You do not believe that this is true, let me
climb up into this tower, and I will throw myself down, and if
I am unharmed, believe that this is true. If, however, I shall
have suffered any hurt, behead me, or cast me into the fire."
Then the Bishop of Puy ordered that the Gospel and the Cross be
brought, so that be might take oath that this was true.
All our leaders were counselled at that time to take oath that
not one of them would flee, either for life or death, as long
as they were alive. Bohemund is said to have been the first to
take the oath, then the Count of St. Gilles, Robert of Normandy,
Duke Godfrey, and the Count of Flanders. Tancred, indeed, swore
and promised in this manner: that as long as he had forty knights
with him he would not only not withdraw from that battle, but,
likewise, not from the march to Jerusalem. Moreover, the Christian
assemblage exulted greatly upon hearing this oath.
There was a certain pilgrim of our army, whose name was Peter,
to whom before we entered the city St. Andrew, the apostle, appeared
and said: "What art thou doing, good man?"
Peter answered, "Who art thou?"
The apostle said to him: "I am St. Andrew, the apostle. Know,
my son, that when thou shalt enter the town, go to the church
of St. Peter. There thou wilt find the Lance of our Saviour, Jesus
Christ, with which He was wounded as He hung on the arm of the
cross." Having said all this, the apostle straightway withdrew.
But Peter, afraid to reveal the advice of the apostle, was unwilling
to make it known to the pilgrims. However, he thought that he
had seen a vision, and said: "Lord, who would believe this?"
But at that hour St. Andrew took him and carried him to the place
where the Lance was hidden in the ground. When we were a second
time situated in such (straits) as we have stated above, St. Andrew
came again, saying to him: "Wherefore hast thou not yet taken
the Lance from the earth as I commanded thee? Know verily, that
whoever shall bear this lance in battle shall never 'be overcome
by an enemy." Peter, indeed, straightway made known to our
men the mystery of the apostle.
The people, however, did not believe (it), but refused, saying:
"How can we believe this?" For they were utterly terrified
and thought that they were to die forthwith. Thereupon, this man
came forth and swore that it was all most true, since St. Andrew
had twice appeared to him in a vision and had said to him: "Rise'
go and tell the people of God not to fear, but to trust firmly
with whole heart in the one true God and they will be everywhere
victorious. Within five days the Lord will send them such a token
that they will remain happy and joyful, and if they wish to fight,
let them go out immediately to battle, all together, and all their
enemies will be conquered, and no one will stand against them."
Thereupon, when they beard that their enemies were to be overcome
by them, they began straightway to revive and to encourage one
another, saying: "Bestir yourselves, and be everywhere brave
and alert, since the Lord will come to our aid in the next battle
and will be the greatest refuge to His people whom He beholds'
lingering in sorrow."
Accordingly, upon hearing the statements of that man who reported
to us the revelation of Christ through the words of the apostle,
we went in haste immediately to the place in the church of St.
Peter which he had pointed out. Thirteen men dug there from morning
until vespers. And so that man found the Lance, just as he had
indicated. They received it with great gladness and fear, and
a joy beyond measure arose in the whole city.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 174-76
15. The Defeat of Kerbogha
From that hour we took counsel of battle among ourselves. Forthwith,
all our leaders decided upon the plan of sending a messenger to
the Turks, enemies of Christ, to ask them with assured address:
"Wherefore have you most haughtily entered the land of the
Christians, and why have you encamped, and why do you kill and
assail servants of Christ?' When their speech was already ended,
they found certain men, Peter the Hermit and Herlwin, and they
told them as follows: "Go to the accursed army of the Turks
and carefully tell them all this, asking them why they have boldly
and haughtily entered the land of the Christians and our own?"
At these words, the messengers left and went to the profane assemblage,
saying everything to Curbara and the others as follows..
"Our leaders and nobles wonder wherefore you have rashly
and most haughtily entered their land, the land of the Christians?
We think, forsooth, and believe that you have thus come hither
because you wish to become Christians fully; or have you come
hither for the purpose of harassing the Christians in every way?
All our leaders together ask you, therefore, quickly to leave
the land of God and the Christians, which the blessed apostle,
Peter by his preaching converted long ago to the worship of Christ.
But they grant, in addition, that you may take away all your belongings,
horses, mules, asses, camels, sheep, and cattle; all other belongings
they permit you to carry with you, wherever you may wish."
Then Curbara, chief of the army of the Sultan of Persia,
with all the others full of haughtiness, answered in fierce language
"Your God and your Christianity we neither seek nor desire,
a we spurn you and them absolutely. We have now come even hither
because we marvelled greatly why the princes and nobles who you
mention call this land theirs, the land we took from an effeminate
people. Now, do you want to know what we are saying to you? Go
back quickly, therefore, and tell your seignors that if they desire
to become Turks in everything, and wish to deny the God whom you
worship with bowed heads, and to spurn your laws, we will give
them this and enough more of lands, castles, and cities. In addition,
moreover, (we will grant) that none of you will longer remain
a foot soldier, but will all be knights, just as we are; and we
will ever bold you in the highest friendship. But if not, let
them know that they will all undergo capital sentence, or will
be led in chains to Chorosan, to serve us and our children in
perpetual captivity forever."
Our messengers speedily came back, reporting all this most cruel
race had replied. Herlwin is said to have known both tongues,
and to have been the interpreter for Peter the Hermit, Meanwhile,
our army, frightened on both sides, did not know what to do; for
on one side excruciating famine harassed them, on the other fear
of the Turks constrained them.
At length, when the three days fast had been fulfilled, and a
procession had been held from one church to another, they confessed
their sins, were absolved, and faithfully took the communion of
the body and blood of Christ; and when alms had been give they
celebrated mass. Then six battle lines were formed from the forces
within the city. In the first line, that is at the very head,
was Hugh the Great with the Franks and the Count of Flanders;
in the second, Duke Godfrey with his army; in the third was Robert
the Norman with his knights; in the fourth, carrying with him
the Lance of the Saviour, was the Bishop of Puy, together with
his people and with the army of Raymond, Count of St. Gilles,
who remained behind to watch the citadel for fear lest the Turks
descend into the city; in the fifth line was Tancred, son of Marchisus,
with his people, and in the sixth line was the wise man, Bohemund,
with his army. Our bishops, priests, clerics, and monks, dressed
in holy vestments, came out with us with crosses, praying and
beseeching the Lord to make us safe, guard us, and deliver us
from all evil. Some stood on the wall of the gate, holding the
sacred crosses in their hands, making the sign (of the cross)
and blessing us. Thus were we arrayed, and, protected with the
sign of the cross, we went forth through the gate which is before
the mosque.
After Curbara saw the lines of the Franks, so beautifully
formed, coming out one after the other, he said: "Let them
come out, that we may the better have them in our power!"
But after they were outside the city and Curbara saw the
huge host of the Franks, he was greatly frightened. He straightway
sent word to his Emir, who had everything in charge, that if he
saw a light burn at the head of the army he should have the trumpets
sounded for it to retreat, knowing that the Turks had lost the
battle. Curbara began immediately to retreat little by
little toward the mountain, and our men followed them little by
little. At length the Turks divided; one party went toward the
sea and the rest halted there, expecting to enclose our men between
them. As our men saw this, they did likewise. There a seventh
line was formed from the lines of Duke Godfrey and the Count of
Normandy, and its head was Reinald. They sent this (line) to meet
the Turks, who were coming from the sea. The Turks, however, engaged
them in battle and by shooting killed many of our men. Other squadrons,
moreover, were drawn out from the river to the mountain, which
was about two miles distant. The squadrons began to go forth from
both sides and to surround our men on all sides, hurling, shooting,
and wounding them. There came out from the mountains, also, countless
armies with white horses, whose standards were all white. And
so, when our leaders saw this army, they were entirely ignorant
as to what it was, and who they were, until they recognized the
aid of Christ, whose leaders were St. George, Mercurius, and Demetrius.
This is to be believed, for many of our men saw it. However, when
the Turks who were stationed on the side toward the sea saw that
that they could hold out no longer, they set fire to the grass,
so that, upon seeing it, those who were in the tents might flee.
The latter, recognizing that signal, seized all the precious spoils
and fled. But our men fought yet a while where their (the Turks)
greatest strength was, that is, in the region of their tents.
Duke Godfrey, the Count of Flanders, and Hugh the Great rode near
the water, where the enemy's strength lay. These men, fortified
by the sign of the cross, together attacked the enemy first. When
the other lines saw this, they likewise attacked. The Turks and
the Persians in their turn cried out. Thereupon, we invoked the
Living and True God and charged against them, and in the name
of Jesus Christ and of the Holy Sepulchre we began the battle,
and, God helping, we overcame them. But the terrified Turks took
to flight, and our men followed them to the tents. Thereupon,
the knights of Christ chose rather to pursue them than to seek
any spoils, and they pursued them even to the Iron Bridge, and
then up to the fortress of Tancred. The enemy, indeed, left their
pavilions there, gold, silver, and many ornaments, also sheep,
cattle, horses, mules, camels, asses, grain, wine, butter, and
many other things which we needed. When the Armenians and Syrians
who dwelt in those regions heard that we had overcome the Turks,
they ran to the mountain to meet them and killed as many of them
as they could catch. We, however, returned to the city with great
joy and praised and blessed God, who gave the victory to His people.
Thereupon, when the Emir who was guarding the citadel saw that Curbara and all the rest bad fled from the field before
the army of the Franks, he was greatly frightened. Immediately
and with great baste be sought the standards of the Franks. Accordingly,
the Count of St. Gilles, who was stationed before the citadel,
ordered his standard to be brought to him. The Emir took it and
carefully placed it on the tower. The Longobards who were there
said immediately: "This is not Bohemund's standard!"
Then the Emir asked and said: "Whose is it?" They answered:
"It belongs to the Count of St. Gilles." Thereupon,
the Emir went and seized the standard and returned it to the Count.
But at that hour the venerable man, Bohemund, came and gave him
his standard. He received it with great joy and entered into an
agreement with Bohemund that the pagans who wished to take up
Christianity might remain with him (Bohemund), and that he should
permit those who wished to go away to depart safe and without
any hurt. He agreed to all that the Emir demanded and straightway
sent his servants into the citadel. Not many days after this the
Emir was baptized with those of his men who preferred to recognize
Christ. But those who wished to adhere to their own laws Lord
Bohemund bad conducted to the land of the Saracens.
This battle was fought on the fourth day before the Kalends of
July, on the vigil of the apostles Peter and Paul, in the reign
of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has honor and glory forever and
ever. Amen. And after our enemies bad now been completely conquered,
we gave fitting thanks to God, Three and One, and the Highest.
Some of the enemy, exhausted, others, wounded in their flight
hither and thither, succumbed to death in valley, forest, fields,
and roads. But the people of Christ, that is, the victorious pilgrims,
returned to the city, rejoicing in the happy triumph over their
defeated foes.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 182-85
16. The March to Jerusalem
Accordingly, we left the fortified town and came to Tripoli on
the sixth day of the week on the thirteenth day of incoming May,
and we stayed there for three days. At length, the King of Tripoli
made an agreement with the leaders, and he straightway loosed
to them more than three hundred pilgrims who had been captured
there and gave fifteen thousand besants and fifteen horses
of great value; he likewise gave us a great market of horses,
asses and all goods, whence the whole army of Christ was greatly
enriched. But he made an agreement with them that if they could
win the war which the Emir of Babylon was getting ready against
them and could take Jerusalem, he would become a Christian and
would recognize his land as (a gift) from them. In such manner
it was settled.
We left the city on the second day of the week in the month of
May and, passing along a narrow and difficult road all day and
night, we came to a fortress, the name of which was Botroun. Then
we came to a city called Gibilet near the sea, in which we suffered
very great thirst, and, thus worn out, we reached a river named
Ibrahim. Then on the eve of the day of the Ascension of the Lord
we crossed a mountain in which the way was exceedingly narrow,
and there we expected to find the enemy lying in ambush for us.
But God favoring us, none of them dared to appear in our way.
Then our knights went ahead of us and cleared the way before us,
and we arrived at a city by the sea which called Beirut, and thence
we went to another city called Sidon, thence to another called
Tyre, and from Tyre to the city of Acre. But from Acre we came
to a fortified place the name of which was Cayphas, and then we
came near Caesarea. There was celebrated Pentecost on the third
day of outgoing May. Then we came to Ramlah, which through fear
of the Franks the Saracens had left empty. Near it was the famous
church in which rested the most precious body of St. George, since
for the name of Christ he there happily received martyrdom from
the treacherous pagans. There our leaders held a council to choose
a bishop who should have charge of this place and erect a church.
They gave tithes to him and enriched him with gold and silver,
and with horses and other animals, that be might live the more
devoutly and honorably with those who were with him. He remained
there with joy.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 242-243
17. The Fall of Jerusalem
At length, our leaders decided to beleaguer the city with siege
machines, so that we might enter and worship the Saviour at the
Holy Sepulchre. They constructed wooden towers and many other
siege machines. Duke Godfrey made a wooden tower and other siege
devices, and Count Raymond did the same, although it was necessary
to bring wood from a considerable distance. However, when the
Saracens saw our men engaged in this work, they greatly strengthened
the fortifications of the city and increased the height of the
turrets at night. On a certain Sabbath night, the leaders, after
having decided which parts of the wall were weakest, dragged the
tower and the machines to the eastern side of the city. Moreover,
we set up the tower at earliest dawn and equipped and covered
it on the first, second, and third days of the week. The Count
of St. Gilles erected his tower on the plain to the south of the
city.
While all this was going on, our water supply was so limited that
no one could buy enough water for one denarius to satisfy
or quench his thirst. Both day and night, on the fourth and fifth
days of the week, we made a determined attack on the city from
all sides. However, before we made this assault on the city, the
bishops and priests persuaded all, by exhorting and preaching,
to honor the Lord by marching around Jerusalem in a great procession,
and to prepare for battle by prayer, fasting, and almsgiving.
Early on the sixth day of the week we again attacked the city
on all sides, but as the assault was unsuccessful, we were all
astounded and fearful. However, when the hour approached on which
our Lord Jesus Christ deigned to suffer on the Cross for us, our
knights began to fight bravely in one of the towers - namely,
the party with Duke Godfrey and his brother, Count Eustace. One
of our knights, named Lethold, clambered up the wall of the city,
and no sooner had he ascended than the defenders fled from the
walls and through the city. Our men followed, killing and slaying
even to the Temple of Solomon, where the slaughter was so great
that our men waded in blood up to their ankles....
Count Raymond brought his army and his tower up near the wall
from the south, but between the tower and the wall there was a
very deep ditch. Then our men took counsel how they might fill
it, and had it proclaimed by heralds that anyone who carried three
stones to the ditch would receive one denarius. The work
of filling it required three days and three nights, and when at
length the ditch was filled, they moved the tower up to the wall,
but the men defending this portion of the wall fought desperately
with stones and fire. When the Count heard that the Franks were
already in the city, he said to his men, "Why do you loiter?
Lo, the Franks are even now within the city." The Emir who
commanded the Tower of St. David surrendered to the Count and
opened that gate at which the pilgrims had always been accustomed
to pay tribute. But this time the pilgrims entered the city, pursuing
and killing the Saracens up to the Temple of Solomon, where the
enemy gathered in force. The battle raged throughout the day,
so that the Temple was covered with their blood. When the pagans
had been overcome, our men seized great numbers, both men and
women, either killing them or keeping them captive, as they wished.
On the roof of the Temple a great number of pagans of both sexes
had assembled, and these were taken under the protection of Tancred
and Gaston of Beert. Afterward, the army scattered throughout
the city and took possession of the gold and silver, the horses
and mules, and the houses filled with goods of all kinds.
Rejoicing and weeping for joy, our people came to the Sepulchre
of Jesus our Saviour to worship and pay their debt [i.e. fulfil
crusading vows by worshiping at the Sepulchre]. At dawn our men
cautiously went up to the roof of the Temple and attacked Saracen
men and women, beheading them with naked swords. Some of the Saracens,
however, leaped from the Temple roof. Tancred, seeing this, was
greatly angered.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 256-57 . [Last paragraph
from Brundage, Crusades: A Documentary History, (Milwaukee:
1962), 64]
18. "The Vision of Peace"
Then our leaders in council decided that each one should offer
alms with prayers, that the Lord might choose for Himself whom
He wanted to reign over the others and rule the city. They also
ordered all the Saracen dead to be cast outside because of the
great stench, since the whole city was filled with their corpses;
and so the living Saracens dragged the dead before the exits of
the gates and arranged them in heaps, as if they were houses.
No one ever saw or heard of such slaughter of pagan people, for
funeral pyres were formed from them like pyramids, and no one
knows their number except God alone.
But Raymond caused the Emir and the others who were with him to
be conducted to Ascalon, whole and unhurt. However, on the eighth
day after the city was captured, they chose Godfrey as head of
the city to fight the pagans and guard the Christians. On the
day of St. Peter ad Vincula they likewise chose as Patriarch a
certain very wise and honorable man, Arnulf by name. This city
was captured by God's Christians on the fifteenth day of July,
the sixth day of the week.
Source:
August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses
and Participants, (Princeton: 1921), 262
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