Medieval Sourcebook:
The Testament of St. Francis
Francis died on October 3, 1226. Just before, he dictated what
came to be known as his "Testament." It is the work
of a man who, in his final days, was anxious about the future
of his order and wanted to state his position one more time as
forcefully as possible. It was, in fact, a bit too forceful. By
1226 the order was growing rapidly both in size and in popularity.
As its membership climbed, its bureaucratic network expanded;
and as its duties to the church multiplied, the order found Francis'
testament an embarrassment because of the limitations it imposed.
How could Franciscans carry out their preaching and teaching mission
without papal protection? How could they interpret the rule to
an army of new recruits unless learned theologians were allowed
to determine what the rule meant? In 1230 the leaders of the order
asked Pope Gregory IX whether the testament was binding and were
told it was not. Many Franciscans were less sure of the matter,
however, and the testament became an important document for those
who later wanted to reform the order according to Francis' original
intention.
This is how the Lord gave me, brother Francis, the power to do
penance. When I was in sin the sight of lepers was too bitter
for me. And the Lord himself led me among them, and I pitied and
helped them. And when I left them I discovered that what had seemed
bitter to m e was changed into sweetness in my soul and body.
And shortly afterward I rose and left the world.
And the Lord gave me such faith in churches that I prayed simply,
saying, "I adore you, Lord Jesus Christ, with all your churches
throughout the world, and we bless you because you redeemed the
world through your holy cross. Later God gave me and still gives
me such faith in priests who live according to the form of the
Holy Roman Church that even if they persecuted me I would still
run back to them, because of their posit ion. And if I had all
the wisdom of Solomon and came upon some poor little priests in
their parishes, I would preach there only if they wished me to
do so. And I want to fear, love and honor these and all others
as my lords. And I do not even want to think about there being
any sin in them, because I see the son of God in them and they
are my lords. And I do this because in this world I physically
see the most high Son of God only in his most holy body and blood,
which they receive and they alone administer to others. And I
want this holy mystery to be honored above all things, venerated,
and kept in costly containers. Whenever I find his holy names
or words in improper places I pick them up and ask that they be
collected and stored in a proper place. And we ought to honor
and venerate all theologians and those who administer the holy
divine word, for they administer to us spirit and life.
And when God gave me brothers, no one showed me what I should
do, but the Most high revealed to me that I should live according
to the form of the holy gospel. I had it written in few words
and simply, and the lord pope confirmed it for me. And those who
came to receive life gave all that they had to the poor and were
content with one tunic patched inside and out, with a cord and
trousers. And we did not wish to have more.
We who were clerics said the office life other clerics, and the
laymen said the "Our Father," and we gladly stayed in
churches. And we were ignorant and subject to all. And I worked
with my hands, and want to do so still. And I definitely want
all the other brothers to work at some honest job. Those who don't
know how should learn, not because they want to receive wages
but as an example and to avoid idleness. And when our wages are
withheld from us, let us return to the Lord's table, begging alms
from door to door. The Lord revealed what greeting we should use:
"The Lord give you peace."
The brothers must be careful not to accept any churches, poor
dwellings, or anything else constructed for them unless these
buildings reflect the holy poverty promised by us in the rule.
We should always live in these places as strangers and pilgrims.
I firmly command all the brothers, by the obedience they owe me,
that wherever they are they should not dare to ask either directly
or through an intermediary for any letter from the Roman court
to secure a church or any other place, to protect their preaching,
or to prevent persecution of their bodies; but wherever they are
not received, they should flee into another land and do penance
with God's blessing.
And I firmly wish to obey the minister general of this brotherhood,
and any other guardian the minister should want to give me. And
I want to be such a captive in his hands that I cannot go anywhere
or do anything without his desire and command, because he is my
lord. And although I am simple and ill, I always want to have
a cleric who can perform the office for me, as the rule states.
And all the other brothers are thus bound to obey their guardians
and perform the office according to the rule. And whenever some
are found who do not wish to perform the office according to the
rule and want to change it, or who are not Catholic in their beliefs,
then all the brothers wherever they may be are bound by obedience
to turn such people over to the custodian nearest the place where
they found them. The custodian in turn is bound by obedience to
guard him strongly life a man in chains, day and night, so that
he cannot possibly escape from his hands until he personally places
him in the hands of his minister. And the minister is bound by
obedience to place him in the care of brothers who will guard
him night and day like a man in chains until they turn him over
to our lord bishop of Ostia, who is the lord protector and corrector
of the whole brotherhood.
And the brothers must not say, "This is another rule,"
for it is a recollection, admonition, exhortation and my testament
which I, poor brother Francis, make for you my brothers, so that
we may observe the rule we have promised to God in a more Catholic
manner. And the general minister and all other ministers and custodians
are bound by obedience not to add or subtract from these words.
And they must always have this writing with them in addition to
the rule. And in all chapter meetings held by them, when they
read the rule, they must also read these words.
And I firmly f or bid m y brothers, both clerics and laymen, to
place glasses on the rule or say, "This is what it means."
But just as the Lord gave me the power to compose and write both
the rule and these words simply and purely, so you must understand
them simply and without gloss and observe them by holy act ion
until the end.
And whoever observes them will be filled in heaven with a blessing
of the most high Father and on earth he will be filled with the
blessing of his beloved Son, with the Holy . Spirit the Comforter
and all the powers of heaven and all the saints. And, I brother
Francis, your servant insofar as I can be, internally and externally
confirm for you this holy blessing.
Translation by David Burr [olivi@mail.vt.edu]. See his home page.
He indicated that the translations are available for educational
use. He intends to expand the number of translations, so keep
a note of his home page.
An out of copyright version also exists - in The Writings of
St. Francis of Assisi, Paschal Robinson, trans, (Philadelphia:
Dolphin Press, 1906).
Paul Halsall Jan 1996
halsall@murray.fordham.edu
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© Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 15 November 2024 [CV]
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